Neural circuit

We should stress that the temperature T has nothing to do with the real temperature of either a brain or neural circuit. Its sole purpose is to act as a control parameter regulating the amount of noise in the stochastic system. 

Technical term for properties of electrical or neural circuits (flip-flop switch) to rest in two distinct states while avoiding intermediate states (e.g., behavioral state sleep-wake transitions). 

The inherent mechanism that prevents the height of fever from reaching a potentially dangerous level. It is mediated by substances liberated both systemically and within the brain during fever that counter the formation or action of endogenous pyrogens, or inhibit the activity of neural circuits that modulate febrigenesis. 

These insights into the structure of sleep and the neurobiological processes underlying it have yielded several targets for therapeutic intervention and provided novel methods by which to assess the differential effects of hypnotics on sleep-relevant neural circuits. 

Horowitz L., Montmayeur J.P., Echelard Y. and Buck L. (1999). A genetic approach to trace neural circuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci 96, 3194-3199. 

Due, D.L., Huettel, S.A., Hall, W.G., Rubin, D.C. Activation in mesolimbic and visuospatial neural circuits elicited by smoking cues evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Psychiatry. 159 954, 2002. 

Cacciatore, T. W., Brodfuehrer, P. D., Gonzalez, J. E., Jiang, J. E., Adams, S. R., Tsien, R. Y., Kristan, W. B. and Kleinfeld, D. (1999). Identification of neural circuits by imaging coherent electrical activity with FRET-based dyes. Neuron 23, 449-59. 

Hsia, A. Y., Masliah, E., McConlogue, L. et al. Plaque-independent disruption of neural circuits in Alzheimer s disease mouse models. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96 3228-3233, 1999. 

It may be that any peripherally adversive stimulus — especially one that stimulates sympathetic activity — thus has the potential to activate brain areas of prime importance in the formation of anxiety symptoms. As a result of pharmacological challenge studies, biochemical assays, neuroimaging and studies of animal models, a number of centrally acting neurotransmitters, and their relevant neural circuits, are implicated in anxiety. These neurotransmitters include norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokin and substance P. 

Bremner, J. D. and Charney, D. S. Neural circuits in fear and anxiety. In Textbook of Anxiety Disorders. Ed. Washington, H.E. Arlington American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2002, pp43-56. 

Picciotto, M. R. and Corrigall, W. A. Neuronal systems underlying behaviors related to nicotine addiction neural circuits and molecular genetics. /. Neurosci. 22 3338-3341, 2002. 

Marson, L. and Murphy, A. Z. (2006) Identification of neural circuits involved in female genital responses in the rat a dual virus and anterograde tracing study. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 291, R419-28. 

Like other natural reinforcers (water, food, sex -somatosensory genital stimulation, and sweet taste), sexual pheromones should stimulate the neural circuits responsible for reward signaling. Current ideas on the neuroanatomy of reward are based... 

Again this review emphasizes stimulating ideas put forth in R. H. Wright Lectures, in this case those of Gordon Shepherd (13). One of his key points is that an understanding of the neurobiology—the organization and function of neural circuits—of the olfactory system is crucial for... 

All animals exhibit innate behaviors in response to specific sensory stimuli that are likely to result from the activation of developmentally programmed neural circuits. Even the activation of single classes of olfactory neurons can trigger complex behaviors [10]. The authors observed that Drosophila exhibit robust avoidance to odors released by stressed flies. When stressed, the flies emit an odorant mixture that elicits avoidance in other flies. C02 is the active component of this mixture. Specific blockade of the activation of a particular odorant receptor... 

There are clear principles of the science of mind these focus on the brain, neural circuits, nerve cells, signaling molecules in neural circuits, and conservation of these molecules throughout evolution. The nervous system receives signals, integrates them, and responds to them. The neuron is the unit of function in the nervous system. 

Each mental function in the brain—from the simplest reflex to the most creative acts in language, music and art—is carried out by specialized neural circuits in different regions of the brain. 

The neural circuits use specific molecules to generate signals within and between nerve cells. 

These responses involve all organs and organ systems of the body. They are controlled by a complex system of neural circuits, molecular mechanisms, and feedback loops. Our task now is to develop an understanding of what mechanisms underlie the completion of these functions. 

Nervous system anatomy correlates with brain function. At the same time, neural circuits associated with some functions extend to several brain regions. 

To summarize there are two learning paradigms in the context of a reflex action controlled by a single ganglion in an experimental animal in which electrical measurements of nerve action are relatively easy. This experimental system permitted Kandel to map the neural circuit responsible for the gill-withdrawal reflex. The neural... 

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