Combination testing

Catalyst Cation. The logarithms of extraction constants for symmetrical tetra- -alkylammonium salts (log rise by ca 0.54 per added C atom. Although absolute numerical values for extraction coefficients are vastly different in various solvents and for various anions, this relation holds as a first approximation for most solvent—water combinations tested and for many anions. It is important to note, however, that the lipophilicity of phenyl and benzyl groups carrying ammonium salts is much lower than the number of C atoms might suggest. Benzyl is extracted between / -propyl and -butyl. The extraction constants of tetra- -butylammonium salts are about 140 times larger than the constants for tetra- -propylammonium salts of the same anion in the same solvent—water system. 

Combination electrical methods Tomashov and Mikhailovsky describe a method developed in the Soviet Union. This test is essentially a combination of resistivity measurement and polarisation rates on iron electrodes in soil in situ. The usefulness and value of this procedure has not as yet been determined by practical application by corrosion engineers. The development of this combination test does, however, represent an attempt to integrate some of the complex factors controlling corrosion rates in soil. Much more research on these factors and methods of measurement should in the future enable the corrosion engineer to evaluate soil properties with respect to application of corrosion-alleviating operations. 

In alluvial soil, there was no great difference in the extraction efficiencies among the various solvent combinations tested, with acetone, acidic acetone or alkaline acetone, for reflux extraction. 

Fig. 23. Formation of various 2nd-generation dendrimers or dendritic compounds using branch building blocks of (S)- or (.Reconfiguration at the benzylic centers [90], Three of the eight combinations tested by us led to dendrimer formation (products 63,65,66) while five halted at the stage of the doubly coupled products 64,70-73, cf. Fig. 22. Core molecule 69 has less hindered OH groups and is, of course, not an isomer of 54 and ent-54...

Dr. ter Meer was not at the Vermittlungstelle Wehrmacht as the security clerk shut the doors of the safe, twirled the combination, tested the lock — measures in which Judge Morris was "not greatly interested" and which Dr. ter Meer believed to be "greatly ex-... 

The time courses of the polysaccharide, lignin with extractives, and ash contents for experiments conducted at 44.0 mg of P. ostreatus/g of stems and 1.60 g of HzO/g of stems are presented in Fig. 2. Time courses such as these were used to estimate xylan and glucan conversions for separate replicate samples, which were then averaged. The xylan and glucan conversions and AX/ AG ratios for 23.0-149 mg of P. ostreatus/g of stems and 1.10-2.24 g of H20/g of stems are presented in Table 4 refer to Fig. 1 for the complete set of inoculum and moisture combinations tested. Of the moisture and inoculum combinations shown in Fig. 1, the (moisture, inoculum) combinations (0.77,21.0), (0.90,34.0), and (1.20,41.0) were performed early in the study and displayed visually uneven growth of... 

Ferraris A, D Amato G, Nobili V, et al. Combined test for UGT1A1 -3279T->G and A(TA)nTAA polymorphisms best predicts Gilbert s syndrome in Italian pediatric patients. Genet Test 2006 10(2) 121-125. 

The DMSO, NaOH, and SLS are useful chemical probes because of the different properties of the substances and the different mechanisms by which they induce irritation. Due to its amphiphilic nature DMSO rapidly penetrates the SC and induces whealing and erythema. The aqueous NaOH solution dissolves the keratin layers, thereby introducing structural defects in the horny layer. The mechanism by which an aqueous solution of SLS induces irritation is still unknown, but SLS penetrates the barrier like DMSO, although much slower. Combined, tests with these and other chemical probes provide valuable information on the barrier properties of the SC. 

Finally, Figure 13 refers to a series of antioxidant/DLTDP combinations (tested as 1.5-mil cuttings at 120°C.), which showed significant synergism. The shape of the figure differs appreciably from that of foregoing combinations. 

Chapter 4 Examples of combined testing methods for the evaluation of certain hazardous substances are described. In the case of substances whose methods of handling are restricted by law, every evaluation method stipulated in the law is mentioned in this book. 

Figure 4 illustrates the quantity of precipitate formed when equimolar concentrations of phytate, zinc and/or calcium (1 1 or 2 1) are mixed in an open vessel and pH s adjusted first to less than 3, than carefully to the appropriate pH. The pH range between 3 and 9 was selected to encompass the physiologically important range. The results indicate that 1) calcium and phytate, in equimolar concentration, are quite soluble at all pH s under these conditions 2) zinc phytate is less soluble than calcium phytate and at pH 6 is less soluble than calcium at twice the molar concentration 3) zinc, calcium and phytate in all combinations tested was less soluble than either zinc or calcium phytate or the sum of these alone at pH 6. The pH 6 is very important physiologically because this is the approximate pH of the duodenum and upper jejunum, an area of the gastrointestinal tract in which zinc must be absorbed. At pH 6 and a 2 1 1 calcium zinc phytate molar ratio, 98% of the zinc was in the precipitate (, 39). 

Limoges J, Poluektova L, Ratanasuwan W, Rasmussen J, Zelivyan-skaya M, McClemon DR, Lanier ER, Gendelman HE, Persidsky Y (2001) The efficacy of potent anti-reti oviral di ug combinations tested in a mui ine model of HIV-1 encephalitis. Virology 281 21-34. 

The trail-making test (R.M. Reitan, 1955) originated from the army individual test (1945) and the test results of s.G. Armitag (1946). It Comprises two parts the number-connection test (NCT) with numbers from 1-25 (part A) and the number and letter combination test (NLCT) with numbers from 1-13 and the letters A-L (part B). (32, 33) (s. fig. 10.2)... 

The optimum temperature range for NO, reduction begins above 800 for all fuel combinations tested. However NO, reduction begins to be effective already above 700 °C. A decrease of the reduction potential with increasing temperature cannot be seen within the measured data, although the data of fuel staging with wood chips at wood chip combustion (W/W) indicate a minimum at about 800 °C. If the indicated temperatures are compared it has to be taken into account, that the presented data were measured with thermocouples, while the real gas temperature, measured with the suction pyrometer are up to 100 °C higher. 

The challenge of the twenty-first century will be to understand the capabilities and limitations of these methods. Combining information on new molecules obtained from structure-activity relationships with results on macromolecular alterations in Skintex that occur for undiluted molecules may provide more information on dermal toxic effects of particular chemical classes. Combining test methods can provide a... 

The chloride profiles for several of the 14 plastic-concrete combinations tested are presented in Figures 6 through 8. Each figure shows three curves which depict the control concrete, the 1-percent filler concrete and the 4-percent filler concrete. 

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