Depressive illness

CgHjiN. Liquid, b.p. 79 C. Used as the hydrochloride, C HnN HCI, with m.p. 164°C. Tranylcypromine is an inhibitor of monamine oxidase and is administered orally in the treatment of depressive illness. 

Treatment of Manic—Depressive Illness. Siace the 1960s, lithium carbonate [10377-37-4] and other lithium salts have represented the standard treatment of mild-to-moderate manic-depressive disorders (175). It is effective ia about 60—80% of all acute manic episodes within one to three weeks of adrninistration. Lithium ions can reduce the frequency of manic or depressive episodes ia bipolar patients providing a mood-stabilising effect. Patients ate maintained on low, stabilising doses of lithium salts indefinitely as a prophylaxis. However, the therapeutic iadex is low, thus requiring monitoring of semm concentration. Adverse effects iaclude tremor, diarrhea, problems with eyes (adaptation to darkness), hypothyroidism, and cardiac problems (bradycardia—tachycardia syndrome). 

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inactivates serotonergic and catecholaimnergic neurotransmitters MAO (A and B) inhibitors exhibit mood elevatmg properties 5-Fluoro-Ot-methyltryptamine 19) is an important MAO A-seleUive inhibitor In the treatment of certam depressive illnesses, 4-fluorotranylcypromine (20b) is 10 tunes more potent than the parent tranylcypromme (TCP, 20a) The enhanced m vivo activity may be due to increased lipophihcity at20b and/or to blockade of metabohc para hydroxylation [52]... 

Bipolar disorder or manic depressive illness, refers to a severe mental illness characterized by recurring episodes of mania and depression. 

Monoamine oxidases Inhibitors Depressive illness Parkinson s disease Neuroprotection neurorescue... 

Ubiquitous mitochondrial monoamine oxidase [monoamine oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin-containing) EC 1.4.3.4 MAO] exists in two forms, namely type A and type B [ monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B]. They are responsible for oxidative deamination of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, including neurotransmitters, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine (DA), and serotonin and vasoactive amines, such as tyramine and phenylethylamine. Their nonselec-tive and selective inhibitors ( selective MAO-A and -B inhibitors) are employed for the treatment of depressive illness and Parkinson s disease (PD). 

The treatments for depression are similar to those for other types of depressive illness. 

Studies of health economics in the UK and the USA in unipolar depressive illness show... 

Depressive Illness. Oxford Oxford University Press. 

Wyatt RJ, Henter I (1995). An economic evaluation of manic-depressive illness—1991. Soc Psychiatry PsychiatrEpidemiol Oy 213—19. 

Cowen, P.J., and Anderson, I.M. 5HT Neuroendocrinology Changes during depressive illness and antidepressant dmg treatment. In Deakin, J.F.. and Freeman, FI., eds. Advances in the Biology of Depression. London Royal College of Psychiatry, 1976. 

Bell, C. Mehta, H. (1980). The misdiagnosis of black patients with manic depressive illness. /. Natl. Med. Assoc., 72(2), 141-5. 

Depression, we are told over and over again, is a brain disease, a chemical imbalance that can be adjusted by antidepressant medication. In an informational brochure issued to inform the public about depression, the US National Institute for Mental Health tells people that depressive illnesses are disorders of the brain and adds that important neurotransmitters - chemicals that brain cells use to communicate - appear to be out of balance . This view is so widespread that it was even proffered by the editors of PLoS [Public Library of Science] Medicine in their summary that accompanied our article. Depression, they wrote, is a serious medical illness caused by imbalances in the brain chemicals that regulate mood , and they went on to say that antidepressants are supposed to work by correcting these imbalances. 

Goodwin FK. Manic-Depressive Illness. NewYork. Oxford University Press, New York 1990. 

Ikonomov O, Manji HK. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Mood-Stabilization in Manic-Depressive Illness The Phenotype Challenge. Am J Psychiatry 1999 156 1506-1514. 

Manji HK, Chen G. Lithium upregu-lates the cytoprotective protein bcl-2 in vitro and in the CNS in vivo, a role for neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in manic-depressive illness. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 61 82-96. 

The adult brain is endowed with nuclear as well as cytosolic and membrane T3 receptors that have been visualized by autoradiography and studied biochemically [30-33]. Both neurons and neuropil are labeled by [ 1251]T3, and the labeling is selective across brain regions. Functionally, one of the most prominent features of neural action of thyroid hormone in adulthood is subsensitivity to norepinephrine as a result of a hypothyroid state [27], These changes may be reflections of loss of dendritic spines in at least some neurons of the adultbrain. Clinically, thyroid hormone deficiency increases the probability of depressive illness, whereas thyroid excess increases the probability of mania (Ch. 52) in susceptible individuals [27],... 

Manji, H. K. and Lenox, R. H. Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award. Protein kinase C signaling in the brain molecular transduction of mood stabilization in the treatment of manic-depressive illness. Biol. Psych. 46 1328-1351,1999. 

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic-depressive illness, is a cyclical, lifelong disorder with recurrent extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and behavior. Diagnosis requires the occurrence, during the course of the illness, of a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode (not caused by any other medical condition, substance, or psychiatric disorder). 

Hamilton Depression Scale. The HAMD is one of the most widely used tests to evaluate the severity of depressive illness quantitatively in adults. The most widely used form of this test contains 21 items covering a broad range of symptomatology, with a three- to five-point scale for most items. The minimum time required to complete this test is usually 10 to 20 minutes, and it requires a skilled interviewer. Either the present time or the period within the last week is rated. Six subscales are obtained in the HAMD anxiety/somatization, weight, cognitive disturbance, diurnal variation, retardation, and sleep disturbance. 

Schwab AB, O Connell ME, Long SE (1995) The use of lifiiium concenh ation data and isotopic ratios as hydrologic tracers in a first-order catchment. Geol Soc Am Prog Abst 27 A97 Schou M (1988) Lithium h eahnent of manic-depressive illness—Past, present and perspectives. J Am Med Ass 259 1834-1836... 

Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. (1978). Mianserin a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness. Drugs. 16(4) 273-301. 

Murphy JE. (1978). Mianserin in the treatment of depressive illness and anxiety states in general practice. BrJ Clin Pharmacol. 5(suppl 1) 81S-85S. 

About one person in 20 will suffer one or more episodes of major depression at some time during their life. Women are afflicted about twice as frequently as men. Major depressive episodes are life threatening. About 20% of victims end their lives by suicide. Susceptibility to major depression is family related. Although the genes that sensitize a person for major depressive illness have not been identified, it is clear that there is a genetic component to this disorder. 

The subset of patients with GAD who do not have a comorbid depressive illness can be treated with buspirone in lieu of an antidepressant. Like the antidepressants, the buspirone treatment response is delayed by several weeks however, opting for buspirone is less likely to cause the transient exacerbation of anxiety or the sexual side effects commonly witnessed with antidepressants. Unfortunately, the usefulness of buspirone is severely limited by its requirement that it be administered two to... 

The term "bipolar disorder" originally referred to manic-depressive illnesses characterized by both manic and depressive episodes. In recent years, the concept of bipolar disorder has been broadened to include subtypes with similar clinical courses, phenomenology, family histories and treatment responses. These subtypes are thought to form a continuum of disorders that, while differing in severity, are related. Readers are referred to the Diagnostic and Statisticial Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) for details of this classification. 

It would appear, from the above, that the novel tricyclic system of iprindole has conferred properties which promise more patient comfort, and therefore more cooperation, in the treatment of depressive illness. 

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