Serotonin effects

Tobler, I. Borbely, A. A. (1982). Sleep regulation after reduction of brain serotonin effect of p-chlorophenylalanine combined with sleep deprivation in the rat. Sleep 5, 145-53. 

Norepinephrine Serotonin Effects Sedation Hypotension Seizures" Abnormalities"... 

Halaris, A. E., and Freedman, D. X. (1977) Vesicular and juxtavesicular serotonin Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and reserpine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Then, 203 575-586. 

Although it was not known at this time that serotonin occurs in the brain and acts as a neurotransmitter. Woolley and Shaw speculated that the psychotropic effects of LSD were the result of its ability to block serotonin effects in the brain they then suggested that a disturbance in serotoninergic neurotransmission underlies schizophrenic psychoses, which, among other things, are characterized by disorders in perception and thought processes. 

Two lines of evidence implicate the serotonin system. First, it has a significant role at several sites in the circuitry connecting the frontal cortical and the basal ganglia locations. Second, agents that benefit OCD have potent serotonin effects (e.g., clomipramine, SSRIs). 

The TCAs resemble the SNRIs in function, and their antidepressant activity is thought to relate primarily to their inhibition of 5-HT and norepinephrine reuptake. Within the TCAs, there is considerable variability in affinity for SERT versus NET. For example, clomipramine has relatively very little affinity for NET but potently binds SERT. This selectivity for the serotonin transporter contributes to clomipramine s known benefits in the treatment of OCD. On the other hand, the secondary amine TCAs, desipramine and nortriptyline, are relatively more selective for NET. Although the tertiary amine TCA imipramine has more serotonin effects initially, its metabolite, desipramine, then balances this effect with more NET inhibition. 

As noted above, serotonin synthesis can be inhibited by p-chlorophenylalanine andp-chloroamphetamine. However, these agents are too toxic for general use. Storage of serotonin can be inhibited by the use of reserpine, but the sympatholytic effects of this drug (see Chapter 11 Antihypertensive Agents) and the high levels of circulating serotonin that result from release prevent its use in carcinoid. Therefore, receptor blockade is the major approach to therapeutic limitation of serotonin effects. 

Black cohosh has a serotonin effect which may help with mood swings and depression associated with hormone fluctuation. When used short-term it has been shown to reduce hot flushes in patients with breast cancer. 

Are all antidepressants the same No. Does it make any difference which one is selected Yes. In general, when the efficacy of antidepressants is compared, all seem to perform equally, with response and remission rates ranging from 40 to 60%. It has been suggested that certain antidepressants— those with robust norepinephrine and serotonin effects—may have an edge in this regard, but a definitive answer to this issue awaits specifically designed replication studies. In fact, a review study examined, among other questions, whether different antidepressant medication mechanisms of action resulted in different levels of antidepressant efficacy, and it found no differences based on pharmaco-... 

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Nore/xnephrme Serotonin Effects Sedation Hypotension Seizures Abnormalities ... 

SSRIs OPIOIDS 1. Possible 1 analgesic effect of oxycodone and tramadol 2. T serotonin effects, including possible cases of serotonin syndrome, when opioids (oxycodone, pethidine, pentazocine, tramadol) are co-administered with SSRIs (fluoxetine and sertraline) 3. SSRIs may t codeine, fentanyl, methadone, pethidine and tramadol levels 1. Uncertain. Paroxetine inhibits CYP2D6, which is required to produce the active form of tramadol. 2. Uncertain 3. SSRIs inhibit CYP2D6-mediated metabolism of these opioids 1. Consider using an alternative opioid 2. Look for signs of T serotonin activity, particularly on initiating therapy 3. Watch for excessive narcotization... 

DULOXETINE OPIOIDS t serotonin effects, including possible cases of serotonin syndrome, when opioids (oxycodone, pethidine, pentazocine, tramadol) are given Uncertain Look for signs oft serotonin activity, particularly on initiating therapy... 

Two other mediators that are produced in inflammatory conditions, adenosine and serotonin, can also modulate TTX-R currents in DRG neurons (Gold et al 1996). In both cases, the mediators increased the size of the TTX-R current and shifted the current—voltage relationship for activation in the hyperpolarizing direction. Pharmacological characterization indicated that the serotonin effect was mediated by 5-HT4 receptors (Cardenas et al 1997), which are typically linked to activation of adenylate cyclase. 

Ketanserin, cyproheptadine, and phenoxybenzamine are weakly selective agents. In addition to inhibition of serotonin effects, they also have alpha-blocking effects (ketanserin, phenoxybenzamine) or Hj blocking effects (cyproheptadine). 

Azmitia, E, C, (2001). Modern views on an ancient chemical Serotonin effects on cell proliferation, maturation, and apoptosis, Bniin Res. Pull. 56, 41.3-424. 

The psychological effects of ecstasy (MDMA, methylenedi-oxymethamfetamine) may be reduced if citalopram has previously been given. It seems likely that other SSRIs will also reduce or block some of the effects of ecstasy, but increased serotonin effects may, in theory, also be possible. An isolated report describes a neurotoxic reaction in a man taking citalopram when he took unknown amounts of ecstasy. Fluoxetine and paroxetine may decrease the metabolism of ecstasy. 

Many of the other reactions (sedation, urinary retention, priapism) appear to be a result of additive adverse effects of the SSRIs and risperidone. The serotonin syndrome can result when two drugs with serotonin effects are given together, see Additive or synergistic interactions , (p.9). 

Ecstasy (MDMA methylenedioxymethamfetamine). For comments on the effects of SSRIs on the metabolism of ecstasy and the possibility of increased serotonin effects, see Amfetamines and related drugs + SSMs ,... 

Sheard M. H. and Aghajanian G. K. (1970) Neuronally activated metabolism of brain serotonin effect of lithium Life Sci. 9, 285-290. 

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