World Psychiatric Association

Tollefson GD. Clinical experience with long-term continuation treatment with olanzapine. Presented at the World Psychiatric Association meeting, Madrid, September 23-28,1996. 

Zotepine, like ziprasidone, is a potent 5-HT2 antagonist which also reduces the reuptake of noradrenaline. Its side effects, sedation and postural hypotension, are attributable to its antagonistic action on histaminel and alpha-1 receptors. Zotepine, which has not yet been marketed in Europe, may have a similar profile to ziprasidone and could be useful in the treatment of depression associated with schizophrenia. Because of the evident clinical superiority of the atypical antipsychotics over the traditional neuroleptics, the World Psychiatric Association Task Force has... 

Sartorius, N. (Ed.) The usefulness and use of second generation antipsychotic medication review of evidence and recommendations by a task force of the World Psychiatric Association. Curr. Opin. Psychiat. 15 (Suppl. 1) (2002). 

Warner R. 2005. Local projects of the world psychiatric association programme to reduce stigma and discrimination. Psychiatr Serv 56(5) 570-575. 

Tandon R, Belmaker RH, Gattaz WF, Lopez-Ibor Jr. JJ, Okasha A, Singh B, Stein DJ, Olie JP, Fleischhacker WW, Moeller HI. Section of Pharmacopsychiatry, World Psychiatric Association. World Psychiatric Association Pharmacopsychiatry Section statement on comparative effectiveness of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008 100(1-3) 20-38. 

World Psychiatric Association educational module Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders (2011) De Hert et ai, World Psychiatry, 10, 52-77 and 138-151. 

Neurotic, stress and somatoform disorders (ICD-10, World Health Organisation) Anxiety disorders (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association)... 

DSM-IV The fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders which along with the tenth edition of the World Health Organisation s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) are widely used for psychiatric evaluation, especially in clinical pharmacology. 

There has been some suggestion that the DSM may be influenced by the development of other classification systems, most notably by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 World Health Organization, 1992) which is a widely used international diagnostic system. There are certainly examples in the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, 1994) that clearly indicate that the DSM was changed simply to make it more compatible with an ICD diagnosis. For example, the DSM-IV added a new diagnosis termed Acute Stress Disorder for compatibility with the ICD-10 (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 783). 

Several widely used diagnostic classifications currently include sections on tic disorders. These include both the classification system published by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) and the criteria by the World Health Organization (1996). A third classification system, the Classification of Tic Disorders (CTD), has been offered by the Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group (1993). Although clear differences exist comparing these classification schemes, they are broadly congruent. 

The publication of DSM-IV in 1994 (American Psychiatric Association 1994), ICD-10 (clinical guidelines) in 1992 (World Health Organization, 1992) and ICD-10 (research criteria) in 1993 (World Health Organization, 1993) led to a greater convergence between the DSM and ICD classification systems (for details see Hollis, 2001 Remschmidt, 2001). 

Both the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1993) are used in Japan, with the latter being the official system used to record diseases and the former preferred in research, including for clinical studies on psychotropics. No Japanese version of a structured or semistructured interview scheme based on either the DSM or ICD system for children is yet available. 

Because OCD is considered one of the anxiety disorders according to DSM-IV [American Psychiatric Association 1994] [but not according to ICD-10 [World Health Organization 1992]], it is not surprising that anxiolytics have been suggested for its treatment. Thus, alprazolam and clonazepam have been reported as efficient in several uncontrolled studies and case series [Hewlett et al. 1990 Tollefson 1985]. 

Since the early 1960s, the BZDs have accounted for more than half the total world sales of tranquilizers. As of 2002, the BZDs were the most commonly prescribed class of tranquilizers in the United States. According to FDA data, however, there has been a dramatic decline in the use of minor tranquilizers and other antianxiety drugs since 1975, when prescriptions peaked at 103 million. An American Psychiatric Association task force report estimates that annual prescriptions for BZDs have leveled off since the mid-1980s to about 61 million. 

Multiple personality disorder (MPD) is a chronic and recurrent emotional illness. A person with MPD plays host to two or more personalities. Each identity has its own unique style of viewing and understanding the world and may have its own name. These distinct personalities periodically control that person s behavior as if several people were alternately sharing the same body. Because those diagnosed with multiple personality disorder often are not aware of the alternate personalities, called alters, inside themselves, they cannot account for blocks of time when these other identities control their memory, thinking, and behavior. In 1994 multiple personality disorder was renamed disassociative identity disorder by the American Psychiatric Association. 

Despite well-known movies such as The Three Faces of Eve and Sibyl, which recounted the life stories of women with MPD, by the beginning of the last decade only about 200 cases had been documented in world psychiatric literature. Finally in 1980 the American Psychiatric Association officially recognized multiple personality disorder as a genuine emotional illness. 

Mendoza R, Wan Y, Poland RE, et al CYP2D6 polymorphism in a Mexican American population relationship between genotyping and phe-notyping. Submitted for publication Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Bastani B, et al One year outcome study of clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Paper presented at the 8th World Congress of Psychiatry, Athens, October 1989 Mendoza R CYP2D6 genotype in Mexican Americans. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, New York, May 1996... 

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) use the word dependence for the same concept. A more common definition for physical dependence, however, is this ... 

Two classification systems are often used for diagnostic and billing purposes by social workers who counsel clients who have mental health disorders. One was developed by the World Health Organization, which sponsored the International Classification of Diseases and the other by the American Psychiatric Association (1994), which publishes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 

Modem psychiatric treatments were introduced in 1948, when lithium carbonate was discovered as a treatment for mania by Australian psychiatrist John F. Cade. After Cade s initial report, lithium treatment was principally developed in Denmark by Mogens Schou (1918-), beginning in 1954. After a decade of trials by these and other groups in the USA and abroad, the Psychiatric Association and the Lithium Task Force recommended lithium to the Food and Drug Administration for therapy of mania in 1969, 20 years after its discovery by Cade. In 1970, the FDA approved the prescription drug. A breakthrough had finally been achieved in the treatment and prevention of one of the world s major mental health problems in the form of manic depression, and the genetically related forms of recurrent depression. 

Howard P. Rome, senior consultant in psychiatry at the Mayo Clinic and former president of the American Psychiatric Association Now, however,... we appreciate that in a very meaningful sense society can be sick too. . . Actually, no less than the entire world is a proper catchment area for present-day psychiatry, and psychiatry need not be appalled by the magnitude of this task. ... 

Currently, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Psychiatric Association feel that megavitamin therapy is unproved in terms of safety and efficacy. Nevertheless, hope should not be abandoned. There are certain genetic disorders for which megavitamin therapy can be justified and future research may find its justification in other disorders. For example, nine studies reported in the world literature show that megadoses of vitamin B-6 are helpful in treating autism, though more experimental work is needed. ... 

The success of quinine inspired the search for other antimalarials. The greatest impetus for the development of synthetic dmgs came this century when the two World Wars intermpted the supply of cinchona bark to the combatants. A stmcturally related 4-quinolinemethanol is mefloquine (65, Lariam [51773-92-3]) which now serves as an effective alternative agent for chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. This is a potent substance that requires less than one-tenth the dose of quinine to effect cures. There are some untoward side effects associated with this dmg such as gastrointestinal upset and dizziness, but they tend to be transient. Mefloquine is not recommended for use by those using beta-blockers, those whose job requires fine coordination and spatial discrimination, or those with a history of epilepsy or psychiatric disorders. A combination of mefloquine with Fansidar (a mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine) is known as Fansimef but its use is not recommended. Resistance to mefloquine has been reported even though the compound has not been in wide use. 

Strohmaier J, Georgi A, Schirmbeck F, Schmael C, Muehleisen TW, et al. 2007. Association between dysbindin (DTNBP1) and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. (Abstract 120 from 2007 World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics, New York, NY). 

The most important problem encountered with amphetamines is abuse and the development of dependence. The most rapid amfetamine epidemic occurred in Japan after World War II, where there had been little or no previous abuse (83). Although a high proportion of amfetamine users probably already have emotional and social difficulties, sustained abuse can result in serious psychiatric complications, ranging from severe personality disorders to chronic psychoses (84,85). Whereas signs of intense physical dependence are not thought to occur (SED-9, 9), withdrawal may be associated with intense depression (SED-9, 9) (86), and relapses in psychiatric disorders have often been noted. Some countries in which the problem became widespread banned amphetamines, and Australia restricted their use to narcolepsy and behavioral disorders in children. Amfetamine dependence developed into a serious problem in the USA (and to a lesser extent in the UK), where it followed the typical pattern of drug dependence (SED-9, 7,10). 

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