Demulcent expectorants

Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) DC A. verticillata Fisch. Che Ye Sha Seng Lun Ye Sha Seng (Bellflower) (root) Inulin, taraxerone, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, beta-sitosteryl palmitate, lupenone.53 Antidotal, aphrodisiac, demulcent, expectorant, restorative, sialogogue, tonic. 

Marshmallow has demulcent, expectorant, emollient, diuretic, antilithic, and vulnerary properties. Traditionally, it has been used internally for the treatment of respiratory catarrh and cough, peptic ulceration, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, enteritis, cystitis, urethritis and urinary calculus, and topically for abscesses, boils, and varicose and thrombotic ulcers. 

Grindelia robusta is a perennial species native to California. The leaves and flowering tops of G. robusta are antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, balsamic, demulcent, expectorant, sedative, stomachic, vascular tonic and a blood purifier. The plant is applied externally as a... 

Traditional Medicine. The medicinal use of licorice in both Western and Eastern cultures dates back several thousand years.Many of its uses are the same in both cultures. It is commonly used as a demulcent, expectorant, antitussive, and mild laxative. 

N.A. Aucubin, mucilage, carotene, tannin, chlorogenic acid.100-102 Expectorant, emollient, demulcent, vulneraria, and astringent, soothing effects. 

N.A. Mucilage, sterols, pigments, inulin, gallic, malic, tartaric acids, tannins, pyrrolizidine alkaloids.99100 Expectorant, demulcent, astringent, antiinflammatory. 

Coltsfoot possesses expectorant, antitussive, demulcent, and anticatarrhal properties. It has been used for asthma, bronchitis, laryngitis, and pertussis. 

Drosera is stated to possess antispasmodic, demulcent, and expectorant characteristics. It is used for treating bronchitis, asthma, pertussis, tracheitis, gastric ulceration, and specifically for asthma and chronic bronchitis with peptic ulceration or gastritis. 

Fenugreek has mucilaginous demulcent, laxative, nutritive, expectorant, and orexigenic properties, and is also used topically as an emollient and vulnerary. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of anorexia, dyspepsia, and gastritis, and topically for furunculosis, myalgia, lymphadenitis, gout, wounds, and leg ulcers. 

Coltsfoot leaves are used in a decoction of 1 ounce to 1 1/2 pints of water, simmered down to 1 pint, which is taken in teacupful doses. Its expectorant and demulcent action is of great help in cough remedies when in conjunction with pectorals such as Horehound. The leaves also form a useful constituent of asthma and whooping-cough medicines, and are smoked as a relief against asthma, bronchitis and catarrh. 

Action The root is preferred, as the demulcent, emollient, diuretic and expectorant properties are present here in greater strength. 

The saponin structure is either of the steroidal (commonly tetracyclic triterpenoids) or pentacyclic triterpenoid type. Triterpenoid saponins are found, for example in Quillaia bark and in liquorice root. Quillaia B.P. is defined as the dried inner part of the bark of Quillaja saponaria and other species of Quillaja and is used as an emulsifying agent. Liquorice, the root of which also contains tiiterpenoid saponins, has long been used in pharmacy as a flavoring agent, demulcent, and mild expectorant. 

Licorice is also an effective demulcent, soothing a sore throat, and is an expectorant and cough supptessanL... 

Western classification Adaptogen, antiandrogenic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant, immune amphoteric, urinary antiseptic, demulcent. 

Manna The sweetish exudata of the European flowering ash Ftaxlnus ornus and of several related species, obtained In the form of flakes, fragments or as a viscid mass. Its chief constituent is mannitol. Manna is used medicinally as a gentle laxative, demulcent, and expectorant ... 

Expectorants may have a demulcent (soothing and irritation-allaying)... 

In the trans-Indus region the herb is much employed for the treatment of asthma and other pulmonary complaints. In Europe and USA, the thick wholly leaves are much valued as demulcents and emollients. It is a relaxing expectorant for dry, chronic hard coughs such as in whooping cough, tuberculosis, asthma and bronchitis. The leaves of Verbascum were once made into herbal tobacco and smoked for asthma and tuberculosis [69]. 

Liquorice is used as a demulcent and expectorant. It is mostly used as a flavouring agent in cough mixtures specifically containing nauseous components like alkali iodides, ammonium chloride. 

The total alkaloids (as emetine ) varying between 1.9 to 2.1% (w/w) serve as an expectorant. The drug contains 7% of glycyrrhizin that exerts its action as a demulcent and expectorant. 

Actions Antioxidant, anti diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, antispasmodic, immunostimulant (stimulates interferon production, enhances antibody formation, stimulates phagocytosis, antistressor, adrenal tonic, thymus stimulant), antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, tumor inhibitor, free radical inhibitor, antihepatoxic, antimalarial, protects from effects of radiation exposure, gentle laxative, expectorant, demulcent, immunomodulator, antihyperglycemic, reduces gastric secretions, stimulates pancreatic secretions. 

Many herbal remedies that may be antitussive could act indirectly on cough for example, by expectorant, demulcent, bronchodUator, or local anesthetic actions. Ziment (2002) lists 15 such indirect ways in which herbal antitussives may work (see also later) and lists over 120 herbs which are claimed, nearly always with little or no evidence, to act via these indirect mechanisms. With the exception of bronchodilation, there are no effective means of assessing these indirect actions, and the relationship between bronchodilation and cough is little understood. 

Traditional use A decoction of the herb is used to treat neurosis and epilepsy, as a diuretic to treat kidney stones, and gout and swelling due to kidney and heart problems. It is used externally to treat throat diseases, neuralgia of facial nerves, in a bath to treat hemorrhoids, scrofula, and rickets, and as a compress or lotion to heal wounds and treat eye diseases. A decoction of the roots and leaves is used to treat diarrhea. An infusion and decoction of the leaves and flowers is used as an expectorant, anti-inflammatory, demulcent and coating to treat acute respiratory diseases, pneumonia, bronchial asthma, gastritis and liver and gall bladder diseases (Plant Resources of the USSR 1990). 

Traditional Medicine. Leaves reportedly used as diuretic, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, and refrigerant in fevers, lung diseases, colds externally a poultice a folk cancer remedy in breast or facial cancers (duke 2 foster wren). 

White pine bark has been reported to have expectorant, demulcent, and diuretic properties (CLAUS wren). 

The phenylephrine (Fig. 10.10) is derived from adrenaline via the removal of one phenolic hydroxyl group. It has limited action at (3 receptors and is an ai agonist although a weaker one than noradrenaline. It is also used to act on receptors in the ciliary muscle and cause dilation of the pupil of the eye (mydriatic). Another use is as a decongestant in a number of expectorant and demulcent cough preparations. In this case, it constricts the blood vessels close to the surface of mucous membranes thus inhibiting the secretion of mucus. 

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