Demulcents

Calcium chloride solutions, typically employed at 2—5% concentration, are used as antispasmodics, diuretics (qv), and in the treatment of tetany. Concentrated solutions of calcium chloride cause erythema, exfoUation, ulceration, and scarring of the skin (39). Injections into the tissue may cause necrosis. If given orally calcium chloride can cause irrita tion to the gastrointestinal tract unless accompanied by a demulcent. There is no pubHshed information on mutagenicity or carcinogenicity caused by calcium ions or calcium chloride. Calcium chloride has been given a toxicity or hazard level 3 (40). Materials in this classification typically have LD q below 400 mg/kg or an LC q below 100 ppm. 

Erwartungswert, m. expectancy value, expectancy expected value, erweeken, v.t. wakeu rouse, animate, erwehren, .r. keep off, restrain, erweichen, v.t. i. soften soak plasticize mellow. — erweichend, p.a. softening emollient, demulcent. 

Erweichung, /. softening mollification. Erweichungs-mittelf n. softening agent, softener (P/inrm.) emollient, demulcent, -punkt, m. softening point. 

Milderung,/. tempering, etc. (see mildern). Milderungsmittel, n. mitigant, demulcent, lenitive corrective, mildhart, a. moderately hard. 

A study was made of the comparative stabilities at various exposures of an upset stomach remedy suspension. This product consisted of a dispersion of bismuth subsalicylate and phenylsalicylate in an aqueous system. Methyl-cellulose and magnesium aluminum silicate were selected as the suspending agents, because the presence of polyvalent metallic ions precluded the use of hydrocolloids affected by these ions. In addition, it was found that methyl-cellulose contributed a demulcent effect. The viscosity, as well as the suspension characteristics of the combination of protective colloids used, was of a synergistic nature. These colloids formed a thixotropic system. The thixotropy undoubtedly aids in stabilizing this system. In order to make this product palatable and impart elegance, color and flavor were added. Sample 1 (with protective colloids) showed no separation, while sample 2 (without... 

Various demulcents that coat irritated gastrointestinal mucous membranes... 

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows PVA for use as an indirect food additive in products which are in contact with food [11], For example, under 21 CFR 73.1, PVA is approved as a diluent in color additive mixtures for coloring shell eggs and under 21 CFR 349.12, PVA is approved as an ophthalmic demulcent at 0.1-4.0 %. 

Demulcents, e.g., pectin (home remedy grated apples) are carbohydrates that expand on absorbing water. They improve the consistency of bowel contents beyond that they are devoid of any favorable effect... 

Sore tln-oat, swallowing problems. Demulcent lozenges containing surface anesthetics such as ethylamino-benzoate (benzocaine) or tetracaine (p. 208) may provide relief however,... 

Licorice Demulcent, peptic ulcer (high doses elevate BP)... 

Thailand. Hot water extract of the dried seed husks is taken orally as a demulcent and... 

Linctus are viscous, liquid oral preparation containing high proportions of syrup (sugar) and glycerin (for viscosity and its sweet nature) which produce a demulcent affect on the mucous membrane of the throat. 

---