DeADeS

Increasing the size of equipment in the steps which limit the batch cycle time to reduce the dead time for those steps which are not limiting. 

In batch process optimization, one of the principal objectives is to improve equipment utilization through reduction in dead time. This requires both structural and parameter optimization, with many options available. 

Ignition advance, degrees before Top Dead Center 13 14 to 26 ... 

Let us consider a conductive material with the conductivity a, in which have been machined relatively small discontinuities shaped like dead hole. The surface has been inspected with a transducer with orthogonal coils connected in an impedance bridge [11]. 

There are two approaches to explain physical mechanism of the phenomenon. The first model is based on the existence of the difference between the saturated vapor pressures above two menisci in dead-end capillary. It results in the evaporation of a liquid from the meniscus of smaller curvature ( classical capillary imbibition) and the condensation of its vapor upon the meniscus of larger curvature originally existed due to capillary condensation. 

At first we tried to explain the phenomenon on the base of the existence of the difference between the saturated vapor pressures above two menisci in dead-end capillary [12]. It results in the evaporation of a liquid from the meniscus of smaller curvature ( classical capillary imbibition) and the condensation of its vapor upon the meniscus of larger curvature originally existed due to capillary condensation. We worked out the mathematical description of both gas-vapor diffusion and evaporation-condensation processes in cone s channel. Solving the system of differential equations for evaporation-condensation processes, we ve derived the formula for the dependence of top s (or inner) liquid column growth on time. But the calculated curves for the kinetics of inner column s length are 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the experimental ones [12]. 

Thus it is necessary to find alternative approach to describe the physical mechanism of two-side filling of conical capillaries with hquids. Theoretical model of film flow in conical dead-end capillary is based on the concept of disjoining pressure II in thin liquid film [13]... 

Fig. 4 illustrates the time-dependence of the length of top s water column in conical capillary of the dimensions R = 15 pm and lo =310 pm at temperature T = 22°C. Experimental data for the top s column are approximated by the formula (11). The value of A is selected under the requirement to ensure optimum correlation between experimental and theoretical data. It gives Ae =3,810 J. One can see that there is satisfactory correlation between experimental and theoretical dependencies. Moreover, the value Ae has the same order of magnitude as Hamaker constant Ah. But just Ah describes one of the main components of disjoining pressure IT [13]. It confirms the rightness of our physical arguments, described above, to explain the mechanism of two-side liquid penetration into dead-end capillaries. 

To clear up a role of two-side filling with liquids of dead-end capillaries in the practice of PT, we ve carried out some special experiments. It was established some years ago that it s almost impossible to reveal small defects applying dry powder developer in the case when defect s hollows are completely filled with a penetrant. But just such a situation one... 

Physical mechanism of two-side filling of dead-end capillaries with liquids, based on liquid film flow along the wall, is proposed for the first time. Theoretical model correlates with experimental data. 

A Technique of Ultrasonic Testing without Dead Zone for Coarse-Grained TC4 Extrusion Pipe. - The Development of Single Crystal Creeping Wave Prohe. 

In this paper, the following aspects have been studied (A) Flaw detection can be made directly on the surface of the pipes, (B) The defects within the range of wall thickness can be tested out, that is to say, the ultrasonic testing without dead zone for the pipe wall can be realized and (C) Testing the defects of FBH as our testing. Objects, we may make the testing... 

In order to get an extremely high resolution and a small dead zone" (after the transmitter pulse) single amplifier states must have a bandwidth up to 90 MHz ( ), and a total bandwidth of 35 MHz (-3 dB) can be reached (HILL-SCAN 3010HF). High- and low-pass filters can be combined to band-passes and provide optimal A-scans. All parameters are controlled by software. 

This method is smiple but experimentally more cumbersome than the volumetric method and involves the use of a vacuum microbalance or beam balance [22], The solid is suspended from one ann of a balance and its increase in weight when adsorption occurs is measured directly. The dead space calculation is thereby avoided entirely but a buoyancy correction is required to obtain accurate data. Nowadays this method is rarely used. 

Heydemann P L M 1997 The Bi l-ll transition pressure measured with a dead-weight piston gauge J. Appi. Phys. 38 2640... 

A well-understood catalytic cycle is tliat of the Wilkinson alkene hydrogenation (figure C2.7.2) [2]. Like most catalytic cycles, tliat shown in figure C2.7.2 is complex, involving intennediate species in tire cycle (inside tire dashed line) and otlier species outside tire cycle and in dead-end patlis. Knowledge of all but a small number of catalytic cycles is only fragmentary because of tire complexity and because, if tire catalyst is active, tire cycle turns over rapidly and tire concentrations of tire intennediates are minute thus, tliese intennediates are often not even... 

Bromides of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium occur in sea water (about 0.07 % bromine) but the Dead Sea contains much more (5% bromine). Salt deposits (e.g. at Stassfurt) also contain these bromides. Silver bromide, AgBr, is found in South America. 

All the methods of obtaining information via the Internet presented above carry one risk - dead links. Although a search term may be found by a search engine in its own website-metadata database, the original link to the website could be broken and the information is lost. In this book a conscious effort has been made to limit the URLs and to reduce the web address to the index page of the seiwer, to avoid this sometimes annoying problem. 

A drawback of this approach is that it typically generates enormous and imwieldy synthesis trees which contain a large number of dead-end branches which are not worth further consideration. Furthermore, the chemist is forced to follow a rigid scheme during the planning process, alternating between the application of transforms, the derivation of new precursors, and again the application of further transforms to these precursors. 

Another important distinction relating to pore geometry is that between "through" pores, with two open ends, and "dead-end" pores with only one. 

Now suppose e(a) denotes the total void volume associated with pores of radii < a, per unit volume of the porous medium. This includes the contributions of any dead-end pores. Chough these are not taken into account in the distribution function f(a,ri). Then we shall write... 

Furthermore, if there are no dead end pores it is not difficult to show from equation (8.16) that under the assumption of... 

Since the void fraction distribution is independently measurable, the only remaining adjustable parameters are the A, so when surface diffusion is negligible equations (8.23) provide a completely predictive flux model. Unfortunately the assumption that (a) is independent of a is unlikely to be realistic, since the proportion of dead end pores will usually increase rapidly with decreasing pore radius. 

Dead-end micropores are excluded here, of course, since they carry no concentration gradients in steady non-reactive conditions. 

---