Jordan Dead Sea

Miller CW, Benson LV (1983) Simulation of solute transport in a chemically reactive heterogeneous system model development and application. Water Resourc Res 19 381-391 Moise X, Starinsky A, Katz A, Kolodny Y (2000) Ra isotopes and Rn in brines and ground waters of the Jordan-Dead Sea Rift Valley enrichment, retardation, and mixing. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64 2371-2388... 

Klein-Ben David, O., Sass, E. Katz, A. (2004) The evolution of marine evaporitic brines in inland basins the Jordan-Dead Sea Rift valley. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 1763-1775. 

Klein-BenDavid O, Sass E, Katz A (2004) The evolution of marine evaporitic brines in inland basins The Jordan-Dead Sea Rift valley. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68(8) 1763-1775 Koeberl C (1990) Dust bands in blue ice fields in Antarctica and their relationship to meteorites and ice. In Cassidy WA, WhiUans I (eds) Workshop of Antarctic meteorite stranding surfaces. Lunar Planet. Inst., Tech. Report. 90-03 70-74. Houston, TX... 

At the end of 1998 Albemarle, Jordan Dead Sea Industries (Jodico) and Arab Potash Company (APC) signed a JV agreement to make and market bromine and bromine derivatives from a world scale complex to be built in Jordan near the Dead Sea. 

A major new facility for the manufacture of bromine intermediates such as tetrabromobisphenol A was developed in 2000-2002 in Safi, Jordan by the Jordan Bromine Company Ltd., a joint ventiue between an Albemarle subsidiary, the Arab Potash Company Ltd. and the Jordan Dead Sea Industries Company Ltd. 

Soluble Salt Flotation. KCl separation from NaCl and media containing other soluble salts such as MgCl (eg, The Dead Sea works in Israel and Jordan) or insoluble materials such as clays is accompHshed by the flotation of crystals using amines as coUectors. The mechanism of adsorption of amines on soluble salts such as KCl has been shown to be due to the matching of coUector ion size and lattice vacancies (in KCl flotation) as well as surface charges carried by the soflds floated (22). Although cation-type coUectors (eg, amines) are commonly used, the utUity of sulfonates and carboxylates has also been demonstrated in laboratory experiments. 

A second source of brine is found in terminal lakes. The Dead Sea in Israel and Jordan is an example of a large terminal lake with almost unlimited supphes of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride. Mote than two and a half million tons of potassium chloride ate extracted from the Dead Sea each year. 

In the UK workable potash deposits are confined to the Cleveland-North Yorkshire bed which is 11 m thick and has reserves of >500million tonnes. Massive recovery is also possible from brines e.g. Jordan has a huge plant capable of recovering up to a million tonnes pa from the Dead Sea and the annual production by this country and by Israel now matches that of the USA and France. 

The TDS of lake waters can be high because of evaporation, as in the Great Salt Lake of Utah or the Dead Sea (Israel/Jordan). Well waters often contain high concentrations of electrolytes leached from the rocks—notably iron salts, which are a major nuisance—and the highly saline waters associated with oil- or gas-bearing formations are frequently better described as brines. 

Potassium does not occur in nature in tlie free state because of its great chemical reactivity. The major basic potash chemical used as a source of potassium is potassium chloride, KC1. The potassium content of all potash sources generally is given in terms of the oxide K2O. The majority of potash produced comes from mineral deposits that were formed by llie evaporation of prehistoric lakes and seas which had become enriched in potassium salts leached from the soil, In addition ro natural deposits of potassium salts, large concentrations of potassium also are found in some bodies of water, including the Great Salt Lake and the Salduro Marsh in Utah, the Dead Sea between Israel and Jordan, and Searles Lake in California. All of these brines are used for the commercial production of potash. 

A different type of river salinization in a dryland environment is represented by the Jordan River Basin along the border between Israel and Jordan. A 10-fold reduction of surface water flow in the Jordan River ((50-200) X 10 m today relative to —1,400 X 10 m in historical times) and intensification of shallow groundwater discharge resulted in the salinization of the Jordan River. During August 2001, the salinity of the southern end of the Jordan River, just before its confluence into the Dead Sea, reached 11 g L a quarter of the Mediterranean seawater salinity. Based on Na/Cl, Br/Cl, Sr/ Sr, S B, Ssuifate, and 5l Owater. ( B = [( B/ 1°B),ample/... 

Figure 2 Salinization of the Jordan River, (a) Evolution of the chloride content during the twentieth century as recorded in Ahdalla Bridge, the southern point of the Jordan River before its entry into the Dead Sea. (b) Chloride variation transects along the Jordan River. Distance in km refers to the beginning of the river flow (Alumot dam) below the Sea of Galilee (source Vengosh et al., 2001).

Paul M., Kaufman A., Magaritz M., Fink D., Henning W., Kaim R., Kutschera W., and Meirav (1986) A new 36C1 hydrological model and 36C1 systematics in the Jordan River/Dead Sea system. Nature 321, 511-515. 

In some regions, the abundance of bromine is even higher. For example, the Dead Sea (which borders Israel and Jordan), has a high level of dissolved salts. The abundance of bromine there is estimated to be 4,000 parts per million. The salinity, or salt content, is so high that nothing lives in the water. That fact explains how the Dead Sea got its name. 

One of the sources of magnesium is seawater. It is processed in various locations in the United States and the world. Pictured here is the Dead Sea, which is bordered by Israel and Jordan in the Middle East. Much saltier than the oceatit the Dead Sea is rich in magiesium. lAAAGE COPYRIGHT 2009, MYTHO. USED UNDER LICENSE FROM SHUTTERSTOCK.COM. 

The most important deposits are in Arkansas (USA) and the Dead Sea (Israel/Jordan). 

In hot climates, evaporation rates are high and ocean salinity ranges on the upper end of the scale. In the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, salinity may reach 42 percent. Salinity is also elevated in places where little or no new freshwater enters the system, or where water is trapped without a natural outlet. In the Dead Sea, water flows in from the Jordan River, but it has no path by which to leave the system. 

I have the advantage of pure chemicals, but I too use the Jordan water or rather reconstituted Dead Sea. The Jordan River and salts from the Dead Sea are hugely prospective for making the Philosophers Stone. In fact, they are ten times better than other seawater, and considered especially good because they do not seem to have the poisonous heavy metal precipitate called a Gilcrest Precipitate. 

The River Jordan takes its name from the Tribe of Dan. Jordan means the going down of the Dan. It flows through Galilee to the Dead Sea bringing extraordinary fertility to the land. ... 

In order to use fluid inclusions from lacustrine halites for detailed paleoclimate interpretations, it is important to have air temperature and water temperature records from the study area. The modern records serve as the reference against which fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures are compared. Information on the temperatures of saline lakes in Africa and Canada may be found in Hammer (1986). Other sources of saline lake temperatures are Carpelan (1958) for the Salton Sea, California, Eubank Brough (1980) for Great Salt Lake, Utah Smith et al. (1987) for Owens Lake, California, Gavrieli et al. (1989) for the Dead Sea, Israel and Jordan, and Casas et al. (1992) for Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, China. 

Dead Sea area (Jordan Valley Rift)—kerogens, bitumens, immature asphalts and bituminous rocks (Senonian Formation, Israel)... 

C. Bartels, M. Hirose, S. Rybar, R. Franks, Optimum RO system design with high area spiral wound elements. In EDS/ EuroMed Conference, Dead Sea, Jordan, April 2008. 

Natural rock asphalt in larger deposits can be found in the Jordan Valley, Dead Sea banks, France, Switzerland, Antilles, Venezuela and Cuba. 

Processing of the Dead Sea brine by the Arab Potash Company (APC) in Jordan traditionally utilizes solar evaporation and the hot leach process to produce potash. However, APCs current expansion involves pro-cessir by flotation followed by cold crystalkzation [109]. The Dead Sea brine typically axitains 11.5 g/1 KCl. 

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