Dead load

Tank Roof. The roof of a vertical cylindrical tank is treated like a building stmcture and uses the same basic rules as the building codes. For example, the API codes require a roof to be designed for the dead load plus a 122-kg/m (25-lb /ft ) Hve load. The minimum fabrication thickness of roof plates is 3/16 in. (4.8 mm). 

Live and dead loads generate hoop forces in the area of the roof-to-sheU junction for a tank having a cone roof. For dead loads plus Hve loads, the roof-to-sheU junction is assumed to carry most of the tensile forces generated. The minimum area required is computed assuming that the membrane force transmitted to the roof-to-sheU junction varies with the sine of the angle of the roof ... 

In North America the individual blocks of carbon used in the hearth bottom have exceeded 6 m in length. In Europe and Asia these blocks are much shorter because of manufacturing capabiHties. The longer bottom blocks permit the spanning of the hearth diameter with only two pieces, which prevents flotation of the carbon by the denser molten iron. This is because the bearing provided by the dead load of the hearth walls, which rest on the ends of the carbon block "beams," anchors the bottom blocks and prevents flotation. If smaller blocks are utilized with two or more joints across the bottom, special reverse taper mating surfaces or interlocking techniques are required to prevent block flotation. 

Weight considerations include (1) hve loads (contents, ice, and snow), (2) dead loads (pipe, valves, insulation, etc.), and (3) test loads (test fluid). 

Some typieal load histories for meehanieal eomponents and systems are shown in Figure 4.21. The load (dead load, pressure, bending moment, ete.) is subjeet to variation in all eases, rather than a unique value, the likely shape of the final... 

Eigenlast, /. dead load, dead weight, eigemnachtig, a. arbitrary despotic. 

Foundation Loads and Pressures. Foundations should be designed to support the weight of the structure, the live load, and the load effect on the structure and its foundation due to such other loads as v. ind. In general, for foundation designs, a safety factor of 3 is used for dead loads or live loads independently. A safety factor of 2 is used for combination loads including transient loads [38,40]. 

It is intended that a spread foundation be designed for a concentric load of 300,000 lb (dead load plus live load). This foundation is to be placed on the surface (brown silty sand and gravel) of the soil and bedrock column shown in Figure 2-61. If a square foundation can be made to support the 300,000-lb load, what should be the dimensions of this foundation ... 

Wind and Dynamic Stresses (Induced by Floating Hull Motion). Allowable unit stresses may be increased one-third over basic allowable stresses when produced by wind or dynamic loading, acting alone, or in combination with the design dead load and live loads, provided the required section computed on this basis is not less than required for the design dead and live loads and impact (if any), computed without the one-third increase. 

The derrick efficiency factor can be found for static (dead load) conditions and dynamic conditions. In this section, only the static conditions will be considered. 

This value is the basic standard that AWWA M-II specifies for steel conduit and pipe, as do the ASTM and ASME. As is obvious, there are a number of factors that contribute to pipe deflection. These are the external loads that will be imposed on the pipe, both the dead load of the overburden as well as the live loads of such things as wheel and rail traffic. The factors affecting RTR pipe deflection can be summarized as follows ... 

Dead load-trench shape, overburden weight, depth of cover... 

In terms of dead loads, the shape of the trench in which the pipe will be buried is also a factor. Generally speaking, a narrow trench with vertical sidewalls will impose less of a load on the pipe than will a wider trench with sloping side walls. It is necessary also to know the modulus of soil reaction (E), which is dependent on the type or classification of the native soil, the backfill material that is contemplated, and the desired consolidation of the backfill material. Soil consolidation is important, because it contributes to the strength of a flexible conduit in a buried pipe system. 

The numerical model consisted of two alternating procedures During the first one, the creep under applied dead load of a 2-dimensional bar, with an initial small deviation from the straight shape, was simulated the second procedure was the solution to the eigenvalue buckling problem for a bar with a shape developed due to the creep, this approach allowed a prediction of the buckling time with the assumption of the initial imperfection accepted as an unavoidable handicap. 

Reduced structure dead load can increase load ratings. 

The determination of the hardness of mbber. Instmments are either dead-load (non-portable) or spring-loaded (pocket) type (BS 903-A26). See Durometer, IRHD. 

Dead Loads. These loads consist of the weight of piping components, insulation, and other superimposed permanent loads supported by the piping. 

To add the efTects of dead load to the SDOF calculation, the resistance will be adjusted by the magnitude of the dead load (refer to the pre-load discussion in Section 7.2.5). For an alternate means of handling dead load, refer to chapter 12. 

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