The Amount of Dead Lithium and Cell Performance

The dissolution process of plated lithium may be the reverse of the plating proc- 

A microelectrode has been used by Uchida et al. to study lithium deposition in order to minimize the effect of solution resistance [41], They used a Pt electrode (10-30 jum in diameter) to measure the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient in 1 mol L 1 LiC104/PC electrolyte. The diffusion coefficient was 4.7 x 10-6 cm2 s at 25 °C. 

The lithium morphology at the beginning of the deposition was measured by in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) [42], When lithium was deposited at 0.6 C cm2, small particles 200-1000 nm in size were deposited on the thin lines and grain boundaries in LiC104-PC. Lump-like growth was observed in LiAsF6-PC along the line. 

An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM or QCM) can be used to estimate the surface roughness of deposited lithium [43], 

From our experimental results [44], the FOM at a low discharge rate is considerably smaller than that at a high discharge rate. The influence of the discharge rate on 

---

Many studies have been undertaken with a view to improving lithium anode performance to obtain a practical cell. This section will describe recent progress in the study of lithium-metal anodes and the cells. Sections 3.2 to 3.7 describe studies on the surface of uncycled lithium and of lithium coupled with electrolytes, methods for measuring the cycling efficiency of lithium, the morphology of deposited lithium, the mechanism of lithium deposition and dissolution, the amount of dead lithium, the improvement of cycling efficiency, and alternatives to the lithium-metal anode. Section 3.8 describes the safety of rechargeable lithium-metal cells. 

---