Deadly nightshade Atropa

The tropane alkaloids (—)-hyoscyamine and (—)-hyoscine are found in the toxic plants deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and thornapple (Datura stramonium) and are widely used in medicine. Hyoscyamine, usually in the form of its racemate atropine, is used to dilate the pupil of the eye, and hyoscine is employed to control motion sickness. Both alkaloids are esters of (—)-tropic acid. 

Atropine-like effects - dry mouth, dilated pupils, confusion, hallucinations, memory lose Solanaceae family -jimsonweed, henbane, deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), angles trumpet (atropine and scopolamine) Clinical effects of many of the plants recognized since ancient times. Deaths are rare but children vulnerable. Hallucinations from muscarine and psilocybin... 

The cholinergic blocking agents which mainly include atropine and related alkaloid are obtained from the plant Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Atropa acuminata, Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) and Datura stramonium (datura) and semisynthetic atropine/hyoscine analogues and synthetic compounds. 

BELLADONNA -- Deadly Nightshade. Atropa belladonna L. Family Solanaceae (Potato family). 

The Solanaceae family includes not only deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna—hence atropine) plants but also potatoes and tomatoes. Parts of these plants also contain toxic alkaloids for example, you should not eat green potatoes because they contain the toxic alkaloid solanine. 

Alkaloids that contain pyrrolidine and pyrrolizidine ring systems are derived from the nonprotein amino acid, L-ornithine. Cocaine (Nl) and (—)-hyoscyamine, the two important pyrrolidine alkaloids that contain a tropane ring system, have been found to occur in coca (Erythroxylon coca, Erythroxylaceae) leaves and the whole plant of the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna, Solanaceae). The hepatotoxic alkaloid senecionine (N2) contains a bicyclic pyrrolizidine skeleton derived from two molecules of L-ornithine. 

Esters of tropic acid occur in nature and have a comparatively long history of use as drugs. Atropine (DL hyoscyamlne) and Its optical Isomers, the D and L-hyoscyamlnes, and scopolamine (L-hyoselne) and its optical Isomer, D -hyosclne, have been obtained from such plants as deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), henbane (Hyoscyamus nlger), horsenettle (Solanum carollnense). and various species of Scopolla. nie L Isomers of both esters are more potent than the D Isomers. 

Atropinic, e.g. from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and thorn apple (Datura), causing dilated pupils, blurred vision, dry mouth, flushed skin, confusion and delirium. 

Atropine is an alkaloid from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) In general, the effects of... 

Belladonna or deadly nightshade Atropa belladonna) is a large, poisonous perennial which occurs wild in Europe, where it is also cultivated. Both the leaves and the roots are important crude drugs. In recent years it has been cultivated to some extent in this country, but it is likely to winterkill in the colder sections. 

Southgate, H.J., Egerton, M. and Dauncey, E.A. (2000) Lessons to be learned A case study approach. Unseasonal severe poisoning of two adults by deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna). J. R. Soc. Health. 120, 127-130. 

Belladonna. Deadly nightshade. Atropa belladonna. W. 1.1017. Folia. The leaves. 

Atropine (41), isolated from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna L) is the racemic form, as isolated, of (-)-hyoscyamine [which is not isolated, of course, from the same plant but is typically found in solanaceous plants such as henbane ([Hyoscyamus nigerL)]. Atropine is used to dilate the pupil of the eye in ocular inflammations and is available both as a parasympatholytic agent for relaxation of the intestinal tract and to suppress secretions of the salivary, gastric, and respiratory tracts. In conjunction with other agents it is used as part of an antidote mixture for organophosphorus poisons (see Chemicals IN WAR.). 

Tropinic acid, CgHi 30i,N, is a degradation product of atropine, an alkaloid of the deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna. It has a neutralization equivalent of 94 1. It does not react with benzenesulfonyl chloride, cold dilute KMnOj, or Br2/CCl. Exhaustive raethylation gives the following results ... 

The fresh leaves, with the branches to which they are attached, of Deadly Nightshade, Atropa Belladonna also the leaves separated from the branches, and carefully dried and finely powdered gathered from wild or, cultivated British plants when the fruit has begun to form. 

Caksen, H., D. Odabas, S. Akbayram, et aL 2003. Deadly nightshade Atropa belladonna) intoxication An analysis of 49 children. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 22(12) 665-668. 

Kivalo, I., and S. Saarikoski. 1977. Placental transmission of atropine at full-term pregnancy. Br. J. Anaes. 49(10) 1017-1021. Lange, A., and P. Toft. 1990. Poisoning with deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna). Ugeskr. Laeger 152 1096. 

Aesculetin (6,7-dihydroxy-2//-l-benzopyran-2-one) occurs in horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum, as well as in deadly nightshade Atropa, thorn apple Da-... 

Page 1156 Photo of deadly nightshade Atropa belladonna H. Zell, licensed under Creative Commons http //creativecommons.0rg/licenses/by-sa/3.O/deed.en... 

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