Data Export and Import

An even more convenient alternative to export/import NMR data using Internet will be discussed in the next section. 

Additional data formats (metafiles) to export spectra, parameters or t i ties into word processing or desk top publishing packages are discussed in chapter 4. 

Various protocols are available for importing data from a remote computer to your PC. The simplest and most elegant way to perform this task is to use cither NFS (Network File Server) or FTP (File Transfer Protocol). An example of how NFS and FTP may be used within a local network, including the conversion of the corresponding data format into the WINNMR format, is outlined in section 2.7.2. 

Please check with the system administrator responsible for your local network, which transfer protocols are available at your local site and what additional hardware and software will be required for networking your PC. 

If you have installed MAPI (mail application interface) software on your PC, you may exploit the MS-WINDOWS mailslot-function to e-mail NMR data directly to and from your PC. The full version of ID-WIN-NMR allows you to export/irnport FlDs, spectra, tables, text-files, relaxation data and metafiles to/from other users of (the full version of) ID WIN-NMR. Both JCAMP-DX5 and Bruker specific binary format are supported. Compared to the procedure outlined in section 2.6.5 this is an even more convenient way for exporting/importing NMR data via Internet. For further details refer to the ID WIN-NMR manual [2.1] or contact your Bruker/Spectrospin representative. 

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Distinct data import and export features built into computerized systems are not middleware and should be validated as part of the application. 

InforSense s ChemScience module targets cheminformatics solutions with a set of chemistry-specific components that a user can employ to construct a workflow for experimentation, data analysis, and visualization. Component capabilities include data import and export structure-, descriptor-, and fingerprint-based processing and library enumeration. 

Different to a collaboration platform in which a central tool provides information to all partners and data exchange is supported by a synchronization framework, a neutral data model is a central aspect for asynchronous data exchange. In the automotive industry typically standards like STEP [23] or JT [24] are used for data exchange (see Sects. 21.6.2 and 21.7). It is the responsibility of all partners to provide and accept data in the defined neutral format. PLM integration platforms are typically used to support the data import and export scenarios. 

ChemSketch can import and export a number of molecular structure and bit mapped graphic files. It can also export HTML or VRML files. The additional computation modules are callable from ChemSketch, so it is not necessary to copy or save data to access those functions. 

Operational Data Model (ODM). The ODM is a powerful XML-based data model that allows for XMF-based transmission of any data involved in the conduct of clinical trials. SAS has provided support for importing and exporting ODM files via the CDISC procedure and the XML LIBNAME engine. 

As a final comment, we can use load and save to import and export arrays of data. Since we do not really need this feature in what we do here, we defer this explanation to our Web Support. 

Data on historic imports and exports of endrin are sparse. The most recent data that could be located indicate that about 21,000 kg (46,000 pounds) of endrin were imported into the United States in 1972 (IARC 1974). No information on export volumes of endrin was located. Recently, however, the Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education reported that almost 75% of the 750,000 tons of pesticides the United States exported from 1992 to 1994 lacked chemical-specific information (FASE 1996). Many of the exported pesticides were organochlorine pesticides which had been banned for use in the United States. 

Production, import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Knowledge of production and use data for a chemical is important in predicting its potential for environmental contamination and human exposure. Since disulfoton is produced by only one manufacturer (SRI 1994), to maintain confidentiality, its recent production volume is not known. Similarly, data concerning the import and export volumes for disulfoton in recent years are not available. Estimates of its yearly use in the United States are available (Gianessi 1986 Gianessi and Puffer 1992 Goodrich et al. 1991 ... 

Imports of bromomethane were 735 metric tons (1.6 million pounds) in 1982, while exports were 2,130 metric tons (4.7 million pounds) in 1984 and 4,135 metric tons (9 million pounds) in 1987 (HSDB 1989). More detailed data regarding the import and export of bromomethane were not located. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Data regarding the production methods and current, past, projected future production capacity volumes, and current import and export volumes are available (Ahlstrom and Steele 1979 CEN 1995 Deshon 1979 NTDB 1994 SRI 1993,... 

In 1971, an estimated 10,100 pounds of 1,3-DNB were imported into the United States (ERA 1976). However, current import and export data for 1,3-DNB are not available (HSDB 1994). Data for import and export volumes of 1,3,5-TNB are also not available. 

Production, import/Export, Use, Reiease, and Disposai. Although the production of carbon tetrachloride has been declining, humans are at risk of exposure to the compound at specific industrial locations where the compound is used or near chemical waste sites where emission to the environment may occur. Available data indicate that most carbon tetrachloride manufactured in this country is consumed in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons, but current quantitative data on the amounts of carbon tetrachloride imported and exported into and from the United States are sparse (CEH 1985 HSDB 1992). According the the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to Know Act of 1986, 43 U.S.C. Section 11023, Industries are required to submit substance release and off-site transfer information to the ERA. The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), which contains this information for 1990, became available in May of 1992. This database is updated yearly and should provide a list of industrial production facilities and emissions. 

Official government statistics on imports and exports for chemicals such as diazinon are summarized under broad generic categories such as pesticides or organophosphates. In 1982, estimated diazinon imports to the United States were 6.41xl04kg (141,000 pounds) (HSDB 1996). No recent estimates are available on the volume of diazinon imported into the United States. Data on past and/or current import volumes are not adequate to assess trends in import volumes of this pesticide. 

Milk and dairy products have been traded for thousands of years and are now major items of trade. According to Verheijen, Brockman and Zwanen-berg (1994), world dairy exports were US 23 x 109 in 1992 the major flow of milk equivalent is shown in Figure 1.8. Import and export data, as well as much other interesting statistical data on the world dairy industry, are provided by Verheijen, Brockman and Zwanenberg (1994), including a list of the principal dairy companies in the world in 1992, the largest of which was Nestle, which had a turnover from dairy products of US 10.6 x 109 (c. 39% of total company turnover). 

Reference MD1 provided data for world nitric add production for each year from 1966-76. References MD3 and MD4 are much more comprehensive in this respect, and they complete the world production figures up to 1984. They also list data for many countries including production figures, imports and exports, and the names of the producers in each country. Reference MD2 extends the list of Australian producers included in Refs. MD3 and MD4. 

References M D5 to MD7 are publications of the Australian Bureau of Statistics. These papers provide data for Australian production, import and export figures, and prices paid/received. The real value of these sources is that information only a few months old is available. References M D8 and M D9 both provide data for nitric acid prices on... 

Import and export data for chlorobenzene are not readily available. Estimates indicate that for the last ten years, both imports and exports have been negligible (Hughes et al. 1983). 

According to data from the Customs General Administration, China did not import and export any toxaphene, heptachlor, aldrin, or dieldrin. 

Venugopal and Luckey 1978 Worthing 1987), the potential for human exposure to these compounds, such as through ingestion of food and water or inhalation of ambient air, is substantial. However, recent data on production volumes and import and export were not available. In addition, only limited information on disposal of barium compounds was available (HSDB 1989 Joseph 1985 NIOSH/OSHA 1978). Additional information on production, import, export, and disposal would be useful in assessing the potential for the release of, and exposure to, barium compounds. 

Current import and export data for tetryl are not available. 

USDOC. 1994. U.S. Merchandise Import and Export Trade. Retrieved from National Trade Data bank. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, June 29, 1994. 

One of the most straightforward approaches with the lack of packaging data is to use the total production of packaging materials for different foodstuffs, with corrections for imports and exports, and divide by the population. This is in essence the per-capita approach which is discussed later (section 6.7) and this was undertaken for caimed foods and beverages (Dionisi and Oldring 2002). This has the disadvantage that it will under-estimate exposure due to the non-consumer. 

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