Costs lost production

End-of-pipe treatment costs Lost product value... 

Run the calculations of how much accidents cost in lost time, workers compensation, insurance costs, lost product, schedule slip, lawsuits, inefficient use of resources, downtime, etc. See Section 14.3 for more details. 

Production costs Lost production, extra staff payments to meet production targets, damage to plant, vehicles, raw materials and finished products. 

Particle Segregation Mechanisms. Segregation is the process by which an assembly of soHd particles separates as it is being handled. This often results in cosdy quaUty control problems due to the waste of raw or finished materials, lost production, increased maintenance, and capital costs required to retrofit existing faciUties. 

Economic Yield Both in a high-value protein separation and in a low-value commodity concentration, economic yield is vital. Economic yield is defined as the fraction of useful product entering the process that leaves it in salable form. The yield equations used in the industry focus on retention, so they deal only with direct losses through the membrane. These losses result both in direct (product not sold) and indirect costs from a waste stream whose disposal or subsequent use may be more expensive when it is contaminated by macrosolute. There are additional indirec t losses, mainly product left in the equipment, particularly that left adhering to the membrane. Costs of cleaning and disposal or this indirect loss, while hard to measure, are usually higher than the cost of product lost through the membrane. 

Motor Protection Money spent lor motor-protective devices can be compared to insurance, in which premiums depend on the protected value vvFen the protected value is the cost ol the motor, the cost ol anticipated repairs, or the cost ol downtime, lost production, and, in some cases, contingent damage to other equipment. 

Satisafactory compressor installations many times depend on how well the foundation or support structure was designed. An inadequate foundation design can result in equipment damage due to excessive vibration. The money saved by cutting comers on foundation design effort may be spent many times in costs associated with high maintenance and lost production. 

Cost of business interruption. The cost of business interruption is significantly influenced by various commercial factors. For example, if you are not producing at fiill capacity it may be possible to make up lost production at other facilities or when the plant comes back into operation. The business interruption costs will only be the additional costs of production, transportation and any lost sales. As these conditions can vary from month to month it may be more appropriate to adopt a standard method of calculating business interruption costs for PSM and ESH purposes. One commonly adopted approach is to estimate the tonnage of production lost and calculate the cost as being the difference between the sale price and all manufacturing, storage and transportation costs. 

A single pump is the cheapest first-cost installation. However, if downtime has any value such as in lost production, in hazards created in rest of process, etc., then a stand-by duplicate unit should be considered. A spare or stand-by can be installed adjacent to the operating unit, and switched into service on very short notice, provided it is properly maintained. Spare pumps which do not oper-... 

While boiler explosions fortunately do not occur too often today because of the existence of extensive safety devices as well as the regular program of inspection, their effects can be catastrophic. Similarly, sudden and unforeseen damage caused by the overheating of multi-tubular steam boilers due to lack of water can lead to eventual furnace collapse, with very extensive repair costs as well as lost production. 

Based on the survey, the actual costs normally associated with the maintenance operation were reduced by more than 50 per cent. The comparison of maintenance costs included the actual labor and overhead of the maintenance department. It also included the actual materials cost of repair parts, tools and other equipment required to maintain plant equipment. The analysis did not include lost production time, variances in direct labor or other costs that should be directly attributed to inefficient maintenance practices. 

The purpose of predictive maintenance is to minimize unscheduled equipment failures, maintenance costs and lost production. It is also intended to improve the production efficiency and product quality in the plant. This is accomplished by regular monitoring of the mechanical condition, machine and process efficiencies and other parameters that define the operating condition of the plant. Using the data acquired from critical plant equipment, incipient problems are identified and corrective actions taken to improve the reliability, availability and productivity of the plant. 

Manual application of lubricants has the inherent risk of failure due to omission. With the increasing complexity of plant, the costs of lost production and of manpower to try to prevent such omissions are becoming unacceptable. 

Flavour compounds and other heat labile constituents will not be lost as extensively in the preparation, thus improving the product and reducing the cost of production. 

Improve Catalyst Life and Steadiness. Regeneration or replacement of a catalyst is expensive both in direct cost and in lost production represented by the down time. Lowering the rate of deactivation of the catalyst whether by fouling, by sintering, or any other irreversible process will improve the economics of a process. 

Heavy industrial boilers operating in continuous processes may be online for perhaps four or even five years before shutting down for maintenance and inspection. Here, correct boiler plant materials selection is critical, and the quality of the various utility support functions must be outstanding if forced outages are to be avoided. A heavy industrial or utility boiler that is unintentionally offline may cost 1 million a day in lost production or electricity generation. 

Further detailed analyses of the ECA data have been extrapolated to USA national costs (Rice and Miller, 1998). It was calculated that the economic costs of mental disorders in 1990 in the USA totalled US 147.8 billion. Anxiety disorders were the most cosdy, amounting to 46.6 billion, just under a third of the total. Direct costs spent on mental health care totalled 67 billion, of which anxiety disorders accounted for only 11 billion (16.5%). Drug costs were 2191 million, of which anxiety disorders accounted for 1167 million—over half Morbidity costs—the value of goods and services not produced because of mental disorders — amounted to 63.1 billion, with anxiety disorders accounting for 34.2 billion, 54.2% of the total. This reflects the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in the community and the high associated rate of lost productivity. In contrast, patients with affective disorders appeared better able to function (Rice and Miller, 1995). In summary, anxiety disorders are common, disruptive and costly to society drug treatment is a substantial element of treatment costs (11%) compared with, say, schizophrenia (2.2%). 

The financial impact of pain is considered to be significant. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimated that the cost of low back pain alone was between 50 billion and 100 billion per year.12 The American Productivity Audit of the United States workforce, conducted from 2001 to 2002, revealed that the cost of lost productivity due to arthritis, back pain, headache, and other musculoskeletal pain was approximately 80 billion per year.13... 

The term loss prevention is an insurance term, the loss being the financial loss caused by an accident. This loss will not only be the cost of replacing damaged plant and third party claims, but also the loss of earnings from lost production and lost sales opportunity. 

Three-phase slurry reactors are commonly used in fine-chemical industries for the catalytic hydrogenation of organic substrates to a variety of products and intermediates (1-2). The most common types of catalysts are precious metals such as Pt and Pd supported on powdered carbon supports (3). The behavior of the gas-liquid-sluny reactors is affected by a complex interplay of multiple variables including the temperature, pressure, stirring rates, feed composition, etc. (1-2,4). Often these types of reactors are operated away from the optimal conditions due to the difficulty in identifying and optimizing the critical variables involved in the process. This not only leads to lost productivity but also increases the cost of down stream processing (purification), and pollution control (undesired by-products). 

The recent Burden of Skin Disease study, a joint project of the American Academy of Dermatology Association and the Society of Investigative Dermatology, found that the third most common skin ailment was contact dermatitis. According to this study, 72 million Americans had contact dermatitis in 2004 which resulted in 1.4 billion in direct costs and almost 500 million in indirect costs due to lost productivity.83 A review of 1993 BLS data showed that of 60,200 cases of occupational skin diseases, 12,613 (21%) resulted in one or more days away from work.70 The mean time away from work was 3 days, but 17% lost workday cases had over 11 days away from work. Of those with days away from work, 70% had a diagnosis of dermatitis. In 2001, of the 38,900 skin disease cases, 6,051 (16%) resulted in days away from work, with a median of 3 days lost.68 Of these, 78% had dermatitis. A study of 235 Canadian workers with oc-... 

Mood disorders represent a major public health concern around the globe. In the United States alone, the annual cost of major depression is over 40 billion dollars. Less than 30% of the total cost of depression is incurred through direct treatment. The remainder consists of the indirect hidden costs of lost productivity due to absenteeism and poor work efficiency, premature death from suicide or medical illness, and the uncounted losses related to a poor quality of life. 

Estimate the cost of repair or re-building of the facility after a fire and the amount of lost production from the incident until the process is restarted. 

In addition, mercury is often present in natural gas and petroleum products, both of which can be the basis of feedstock for industrial reactions. These are generally carried out with aluminium rotors or condensers, and low levels of mercury attack aluminium components, causing stress fractures. Mercury-induced corrosion on aluminium heat exchangers has resulted in at least four long-term industrial complex shutdowns in Algeria, the USA, Indonesia and Thailand. These shutdowns required costly replacements and from several weeks to several months of lost production the plants have now been equipped with mercury removal units. 

Ethanol is the most widely abused drug in the world. There are more than 10 million alcoholics in the United States alone. Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages has been linked to as many as half of all traffic accidents, two-thirds of homicides, and three-fourths of suicides, and it is a significant factor in other crimes, in family problems, and in personal and industrial accidents. The annual cost to the American economy has been estimated to exceed 100 billion in lost productivity, medical care, and property damage. 

What are the health-economic consequences of a disease, in terms of healthcare utilization (number and duration of hospitalizations, frequency of use of healthcare resources, direct and indirect cost of treatment, lost productivity and activity, the overall burden of a disease on the environment and society) ... 

Indirect costs, sometimes called productivity costs, are incurred as a consequence of the patient s condition and the patient s experience of the condition and not as a direct result of the treatment of the patient s condition. For those gainfully employed, this includes disability, absenteeism and lost productivity. These measures are quantifiable and the total indirect costs can be a substantial portion of the total societal costs of the treatment of the patient s condition. For example, the costs of schizophrenia in Canada are over Can 2.3 billion in direct healthcare costs and an additional Can 2 billion in indirect costs annually (Procyshyn et cd., 2000). The societal cost of the disease is almost as much as the direct cost of treating the disease. 

Insomnia can have a serious impact on a person s quality of life. Acute insomnia can lead to daytime sleepiness and reduced ability to concentrate, remember things, use logical reasoning, and even impair your ability to drive a car. Chronic insomnia can have major health consequences, such as an increased susceptibility to depression and some forms of heart disease and a reduced ability to fight off colds or infections. There is also a tremendous cost to society caused by insomnia—billions of dollars are spent each year on treatment, healthcare services, and hospital costs. An equal cost can be attributed to lost productivity at work and property and personal damage from accidents caused by sleepy insomniacs. 

In identifying dominant important organisms for the soft drinks industry, there are many pitfalls for the inexperienced yeast microbiologist. Recently, there have been three major investigations of beverage and food problems that have cost the industry millions of pounds in lost product and raw materials. These losses were due to inexperience in the identification of micro-organisms and making appropriate assessment and recommendations. Other limitations of... 

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