PHARMACEUTICALS AND COSMETICS

Under the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970, any product that, if consumed by a child, could result in harm to the child must be packaged using components difficult for a child to open. This is referred to as child-resistant packaging. 

In 1982, seven people died from consuming cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules. The incident resulted in a total product recall, massive negative pubHcity for the product, new requirements for safe packaging, and a federal statute making product tampering a crime (2). Since that time, the packaging industry has become visible to most consumers. This awareness has benefited the consumer by a reduction in loss of life due to consumption of adulterated products from tampering. Never before has an industry reacted so swiftly to resolve a problem. 

Every developed nation has experienced product tampering incidents. The principal difference between domestic and foreign incidents is the motive of the tamperers. In the United States, typically random tampering without prior threat occurs whereas outside the United States, extortion prior to injury occurs, with money appearing to be the primary motive. Most developed nations are either implementing or modifying their rules on the use of tamper-evident packaging. Some features as they are used in the United States would have to be modified or the use of a secondary feature required to meet the standards of various other countries. 

The FDA has passed a rule (21 CFR 211.132) (3) requiring the use of tamper-evident packaging on all over-the-counter (OTC) dmgs and some cosmetics (qv), while ignoring other products they regulate (2). Table 1 offers examples of such packaging forms. 

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th Edition) 

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Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals. The main use of hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol) is in cosmetics (qv) and pharmaceuticals (qv), where it and octadecanol (stearyl alcohol) are used extensively as emoUient additives and as bases for creams, Hpsticks, ointments, and suppositories. Octadecenol (oleyl alcohol) is also widely used (47), as are the nonlinear alcohols. The compatibiHty of heavy cut alcohols and other cosmetic materials or active dmg agents, their mildness, skin feel, and low toxicity have made them the preferred materials for these appHcations. Higher alcohols and their derivatives are used in conditioning shampoos, in other personal care products, and in ingested materials such as vitamins (qv) and sustained release tablets (see Controlled RELEASE technology). 

Larch arabinogalactan is approved in 21 CFR 172.610 as a food additive for use as an emulsifier, stabilizer, binder or bodying agent for essential oils and noimutritive sweeteners, flavor bases, nonstandardized dressings, and pudding mixes. It has also been used in the preparation of cosmetic and pharmaceutical dispersions and as an emulsifier in oil—water emulsions (69). Industrially, the main use has been in Hthography as a gum arabic substitute. 

A considerable quantity of oil can be extracted from waste material from shelling and processing plants, eg, the inedible kernels rejected during shelling and fragments of kernels recovered from shells. About 300 t of pecan oil and 300—600 t of English walnut oil are produced aimuaHy from such sources. The oil is refined and used for edible purposes or for the production of soap the cake is used in animal feeds (see Feeds and feed additives). Fmit-pit oils, which closely resemble and are often substituted for almond oil, are produced on a large scale for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes (143). For instance, leaves, bark, and pericarp of walnut may be used to manufacture vitamin C, medicines, dyes and tannin materials (144). 

Menthol Manufacture. Of the menthol isomers, only (-)-menthol [2216-51 -5] and (+)-menthol [15356-70-4] are of commercial importance. The most important natural sources of (—)-menthol are the oUs of Mentha arvensis (75—90%) and Mentha piperita (50—65%). The main suppUers ate Japan, China, BrazU, and Taiwan for the former and the United States, CIS, Bulgaria, and Italy for the latter. (—)-Menthol is known for its refreshing, diffusive odor characteristic of peppermint. It also is known for its strong physiological cooling effect, which is useful in cigarettes, dentifrices, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. 

Includes industrial and laboratory chemicals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. 

CS derivatives/salts have found limited use as detergents (25), antistatic coatings for photographic film (26), oil drilling fluids (25), thickeners in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals (27). They have been recommended for use as cation exchangers (28,29). Also, sulfated polysaccharides have recendy shown interesting antiviral activity (30). 

Carbopol is widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical practice as a gel-former. Carbopol resins are hydrophilic polymers which swell in water solutions and transform into the gel form at neutralization. At the elaboration of special cosmetic preparations in which carbopol is used, the problem of raw materials compatibility appears. For example, some extracts of aromatic pectin containing materials destroy the gel structure of carbopol. High contents of bivalent metal ions, in particular calcium ions, destructively influence onto the gel-making ability of the system too. 

Some phosphorus-containing surfactants have bacteriostatic properties. In combination with their physiological acceptance they are used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In mutanase oral anticarie compositions the combination of alkyl phosphates and nonionic surfactants stabilizes mutanase. A dentifrice useful for prevention of dental caries contains 0.5% sodium lauryl phosphate and 1.5% polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate [222]. 

Fischer S, Leipner H, Brendler E, Voigt W, Fischer K (2000) In El-Nokaly MA, Soini HA (eds) Polysaccharide Applications, Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals. ACS Symposium Series, Washington, DC p 143... 

Chemically, GA is a complex mixture of macromolecules of different size and composition (mainly carbohydrates and proteins). Today, the properties and features of GA have been widely explored and developed and it is being used in a wide range of industrial sectors such as textiles, ceramics, lithography, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, encapsulation, food, etc. Regarding food industry, it is used as a stabilizer, a thickener and/or an emulsifier agent (e.g., soft drink syrup, gummy candies and creams) (Verbeken et al., 2003). 

GA is being widely used for industrial purposes such as a stabilizer, a thickener, an emulsifier and an encapsulating in the food industry, and to a lesser extent in textiles, ceramics, lithography, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry (Verbeken et al., 2003). In the food industry, GA is primarily used in confectionery, bakery, dairy, beverage, and as a microencapsulating agent. 

The phycobiliproteins are accessory photosynthetic pigments aggregated in cells as phycobilisomes that are attached to the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The red phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrin) and the blue phycobiliprotein (phycocy-anin) are soluble in water and can serve as natural colorants in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Chemically, the phycobiliproteins are built from chro-mophores — bilins — that are open-chain tetrapyrroles covalently linked via thio-ether bonds to an apoprotein. ... 

The practical aspects of stabilizing agents for suspensions are of great importance to the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The following... 

Gagliardi, L., De Orsi, D Manna, L, Tonelli, D. Simultaneous determination of antioxidants and preservatives in cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations by reversed phase HPLC./. Liquid Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 1997, 20, 1979-1808. 

C Gallegos, JM Franco. Rheology of food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Colloid Interf Sci 4(4) 288-293, 1999. 

Glycerolipids Animal fats, vegetable oils (e.g. palm oil, olive oil) including drying oils (e.g. linseed, walnut, poppy seed) Paint binders, varnishes, illuminants, commodities, ingredients of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations... 

Waxes Beeswax, spermaceti, Chinese wax, lanolin (animal waxes) carnauba, candelilla, Japan wax, esparto (vegetable waxes) paraffin, ozokerite (fossil waxes) Paint binders, coatings, sealants, writing tablets, ingredients of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations, sculptures... 

Natural resins Pine resins, sandarac, copals, mastic, dammar, amber, frankincense, benzoe, styrax, myrrh, (plant resins) shellac (animal resin) tar and pitch (from thermal treatment of plant resins or wood) Varnishes, coatings, waterproofing materials, paint binders, ingredients of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations... 

Packaging. See also Food packaging Industrial materials packaging aluminum for, 2 339-340 aseptic, 18 32-33 child-resistant, 18 28 coffee, 7 259-260 consumer awareness of, 18 29 converting, 18 15-23 corrugated paperboard boxes, 18 16-20 cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, 28 24-30 effectiveness of, 28 28 electronic materials, 27 823-851 fiber drums and cans, 28 22 folding cartons, 18 21-22 food, 22 77... 

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