Pharmaceutical practice

Several national organizations serve the professional needs of U.S. pharmacists. These reflect the practice milieu of members, eg, independent community pharmacies, chain dmg stores, and hospitals. The American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA), founded in 1852, is composed of the Academy of Pharmaceutical Research and Science, Academy of Pharmaceutical Practice and Management, and the Academy of Students of Pharmacy. Other organizations include the American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists (ASHP), National Association of Chain Dmg Stores (NACDS), and National Association of Retail Dmggists (NARD). 

Carbopol is widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical practice as a gel-former. Carbopol resins are hydrophilic polymers which swell in water solutions and transform into the gel form at neutralization. At the elaboration of special cosmetic preparations in which carbopol is used, the problem of raw materials compatibility appears. For example, some extracts of aromatic pectin containing materials destroy the gel structure of carbopol. High contents of bivalent metal ions, in particular calcium ions, destructively influence onto the gel-making ability of the system too. 

Tang, X.L., Pikal, M.J., and Taylor, L.S., Design of freeze-drying processes for pharmaceuticals practical advice, Pharm. Res., 21, 191, 2004. 

The problem involved in the application which is the subject of this chapter is the optimisation of a property of a mixture of compounds (a common situation in pharmaceutical practice, where for example tablet formulations have to be optimised). This property has to be optimised with respect to a certain goal (maximum, minimum or target value) and also with respect to the robustness or ruggedness of the mixture property. This means that despite any variation in the response or the independent variables (mixture variables in our case) due to unknown variation the response values have to be as close as possible to a desired value (target value). 

In conclusion one can say that these semi-natural carbohydrate polymeric structures have a wide and prospective field in the pharmaceutical practice. 

The development of arsenic derivatives for medicinal purposes bridges inorganic and organic chemistry as well as older and modern pharmaceutical practices. Although these compounds do contain at least one arsenic atom (a metalloid), they are still considered to be organic molecules. The highly covalent carbon-arsenic bond makes these organometal-lic compounds stable and easy to isolate. 

Abebe, W. Traditional pharmaceutical practice in Gondar region, northwestern Ethiopia. J. Ethnophar-macol. 1984 11 33-47. 

Many methods are available for determining particle size in pharmaceutical practice, including microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, and determination of particle volume [19]. Sieve analysis with U.S. standard sieves is widely used to determine the particle size distribution based on powder weight. Sieves are classified according to the number of openings (Table 14) and are generally made of wire cloth woven from brass, bronze, or other suitable wire. 

Recently, Ojima et al. described the synthesis of some taxanes with C-13 fluorine-substituted isoserine side chains. In pharmaceutical practices, the fluorine atom is usually introduced as an isosteric atom of the hydrogen atom, but it showed higher or sometimes unique activity against its hydrogen-containing counterparts. Flourine also blocks the metabolism of the parent molecule, which led to the... 

These two UV-absorbers are registered, often, for external use only. In pharmaceutical practice, food colorants can be used as photostabilizing excipients... 

The classification and structure of the materia medica and its various dosage forms speaks to the formal framework of pharmaceutical practice. What is missing, however, is something of the color of a pharmacist s day-to-day life. Whatever else may be said of nineteenth-century pharmacy, it was arduous work. Typical was A. E. Magoffin of Bainbridge, Ohio, who recalled the laborious daily grind of his youth as an apprentice ... 

There were discernable regional differences in American pharmaceutical practice. 

The pharmaceutical practice has shown that many marketed liquid formulations, which utilize cosolvents, involve multiple solvents (Yalkowsky and Roseman, 1981). However, the experimental determinations of the solubilities in multicomponent solutions are time-consuming because of the large number of compositions needed to cover the concentration ranges of interest and can be very expensive because of the high prices of some modern drugs. For this reason, it is important to provide a reliable method for predicting the solubility of drugs in multicomponent... 

Optimisation of the link between preregistration research and medical pharmaceutical practice in the field of cardiovascular medicines. 

Hewitt NJ, Lechon MJ, Houston JB, et al. Primary hepatocytes Current understanding of the regulation of metabolic enzymes and transporter proteins, and pharmaceutical practice for the use of hepatocytes in metabolism, enzyme induction, transporter, clearance, and hepatotoxicity studies. Drug Metab Rev. 2007 39(1) 159-234. 

They ensure consistency, which helps to maintain the level of service offered and therefore maintain good pharmaceutical practice at all times. 

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