Corn starch derivatives

Hydrolyzed corn starch CAS 8029-43-4 EINECS/ELINCS 232-436-4 Synonyms Com starch hydrolysate Com sugar symp Starch, com, hydrolysate Symps, com Definition Hydrolysate of corn starch derived by acid, enzyme, or other method of hydrolysis Uses Binder, vise, control agent, humectant in cosmetics, emulsions Trade Name Synonyms Nutrex PV [Fabriquimica]... 

Grain legumes have also been processed into refined starch (10,11) and protein isolates (12,13,14) by procedures derived from the traditional corn starch and soybean protein industries (15). However, comparative data on product yields, composition and losses have not been published. A commercial plant for the wet processing of field pea into refined starch, protein isolate and refined fiber has been established in Western Canada. Little is known about the characteristics of the protein isolate or refined fiber product. Water-washed starch prepared from the air-classified starch fractions of field pea (16,17) and fababean (6) have been investigated for certain physico-chemical and pasting properties. Reichert (18) isolated the cell wall material from soaked field pea cotyledons and determined its fiber composition and water absorption capacity. In addition, the effects of drying techniques on the characteristics of pea protein Isolates have been determined (14). 

Corn (maize) syrup is a sweetener derived from corn starch by a process that was first commercialized in the 1920s. Corn syrup is composed of glucose and a variety of sugars described as the maltose series of oligosaccharides. These syrups are not as sweet as sucrose, but are very often used in conjunction with sugar in confections and odier food products. 

Currently, most biorefineries are based mainly on a single product line with potentially one or two byproducts. Thus, an ethanol plant produces ethanol from corn starch, with distiller s grain as a byproduct. Greater product flexibility and, consequently, greater opportunities for profitability would derive from a plant producing a variety of alcohols, especially higher alcohols whose market prices range from 0.77 to 1.87/kg. 

Lignocellulosics are the most abundant renewable organic materials in the biosphere. They account for approx 50% of the total biomass in the world, with an estimated annual production of 1-50 x 1091 (4). Lignocellu-losic materials, particularly the residues obtained from wood processing, are usually much cheaper than sugar- and/or starch-derived feedstock, such as sugarcane and corn. They also have no competitive use as human or animal foodstuffs. 

Figure 21.2 General process flow for starch-derived sweeteners (corn/glucose syrups, high fructose syrups, dextrose, fructose, maltodextrins and syrup solids).7...

Commercial dextrins are specifically the oligomers of starch. White dextrins, so called because of their visual appearance, are produced from a 30-40% suspension under the mildest possible hydrolysis conditions (79-120°C for 3-8 h in 0.2-2% H2S04 or HC1). Yellow dextrins and British gums are the partial hydrolysates at higher time-temperature integrals. Maltodextrins, dextrose equivalent20 5-19, derive from controlled enzyme or acid partial hydrolysis of gelatinized corn starch. The 20-24 dextrose equivalent hydrolysates tire com syrups (Appi, 1991). 

D-GIucose, 2,3,4-trimethyl-, III, 96 from methylated corn starch, III, 297 from methylated dextrin, III, 293 D-GIucose, 2,3,4-trimethyl-, and derivatives, V, 172-175 anilide, V, 175 a-1,6-di-azobenzoate, V, 175... 

Calcium Content of Starch Isolated from Lime-Treated Corn. Starch is the major component of the corn grain and derived products (see Table VII). To explore in more detail the distribution of calcium after the nixtamalization process, calcium was measured in starch isolated from untreated and lime-treated com. These analyses (see Table VIII) indicated that calcium was fixed or bound in some way to the starch. There was approximately 2.9 times more calcium in starches isolated from lime-treated corns than in starches isolated from untreated grains. Figure 7 shows micrographs of isolated starches. 

Biobased polymers from renewable materials have received increased attention recently. Lactate is a building block for bio-based polymers. In the United States, production of lactic acid is greater than 50,000 metric tons/yr and projected to increase exponentially to replace petroleum-based polymers. Domestic lactate is currently manufactured from corn starch using the filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae and selected species of lactic acid bacteria. The produced lactic acid can then be polymerized into polylactic acid (PLA) which has many applications (Hatti-Kaul et al., 2007). However, so far, no facility is built to use biomass derived sugars for lactic acid production. More research needs to be done to develop microbes using biomass derived sugars for lactate production. 

The transition to a biobased economy is currently in an intermediate phase where certain commodity chemicals, e.g. lactic acid, are being produced from corn starch. Ultimately, however, economically viable production of bulk chemicals and liquid fuels will only be possible from inexpensive lignocellulose, generated intentionally by cultivation of forage crops, e.g. hay, or derived from waste crop and forestry residues. 

The use of a modified starch, corn starch sodium octenyl succinate derivative, for encapsulation of sea buckthorn kernel oil (containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, plant sterols and carotenoids) by spray-drying was found to improve oil stability. Better protection was afforded when the starch encapsulant was stored in its glassy state (Partanen et al. 2002). Methylcellulose and hydroxymethy-oellulose in combination with soy lecithin enabled the production of 40% (W/W) fish oil powders with improved stability (Kolanowski et al. 2004). 

The ETHYLEX 2000 Series is not as highly derivatized as the 3000 Series. In both, the larger the product number, the thicker or higher the viscosity of the cooked paste. ETHYLEX 2095 and 3095 are derivatives of unmodified corn starch and exhibit essentially no thinning. 

Starch is one of the most commonly used excipients in the pharmaceutical industry due to its disintegration and binding properties. A number of sources of starch are commercially available, with corn starch being the most common. An overview of starches and starch derivatives and their use in the pharmaceutical industry is presented. 

The study of reactions between TlOH and TlOEt with starch derived from different sources shows that potato starch binds thallium(I) chemically, whereas corn starch forms simple adducts with TlOH... 

Hydroxypropyl starch is a derivative of natural starch it is described in the JPE 2004 as a hydroxypropyl ether of corn starch. 

Bio-sorb double-dressed, white maize starch Fluidamid R444P Keoflo ADP Meritena modified starch dusting powder Pure-Dent B851 starch-derivative dusting powder sterilizable corn starch. 

In addition to lactic acid producing bacteria, a few mycelial molds belonging to Rhizopus are good lactic acid producers. The ability of Rhizopus to produce only L-(-I-)-lactic acid aerobically under nitrogen-limited environments has been studied [25-28]. Compared to bacterial fermentation, Rhizopus requires only inorganic salts. In addition, Rhizopus cultures are more tolerant to a low pH environment. Consequently, pH maintenance is not as stringent as bacterial culture during lactic acid fermentation. Furthermore, Rhizopus molds are amy-lolytic that can produce lactic acid from starchy materials directly. For example, R. oryzae NRRL 395 was used to ferment starch derived from barley, cassava, corn, oat, and rice to L-lactic acid [25]. 

The development of waxy corn species offered better potentials for the production of starch derivatives in high demand in the world market. The technology for the production of waxy starch-acetate has been elaborated. 

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