Confirmation measures

Schedule Complex tests should be done over a period of days. This provides the opportunity for the unit to be nearly steady. The advantages are that confirming measurements can be made. Schediil-ing a multiday test should be done when there is a likelihood that the feed stock supply and conditions will be nearly constant. The cooperation of upstream units will be required. The multiday test also requires that the downstream units can take the unit products. 

Set Objectives > Document Critical End Product Parameters > Confirm Measurement System Baseline End-Product Parameters Process Potential Diagnostics... 

Confirm Measurement System > Baseline In-Process Product Parameters (Control, Capability) > Identify/Prioritize Process Steps > Identify Critical Process Parameters... 

Pb(II) oxalate was studied as well. Complex formation and stability constants were determined by polarography and CV. Results obtained on a solid Pt electrode (C V) confirm measurements obtained previously on DME139. 

The determination of a zone of potential effect depends on the availability of a thorough delineation of the effluent plume. Historically, few confirmation measurements of effluent concentration in the receiving water close to the outfall may be obtained. In this situation, the zone of potential effect might be only an approximation expressed as less than 100 m. This indicates a small ZPE in the nearfield. In other cases, the plume may be well delineated with a more gradual dilution of the effluent making a ZPE estimate more accurate. The ZPE must be looked upon as an approximation, particularly as an effluent plume is not a static entity and is subject to change from a wide variety of influences. Application of the ZPE method can be strengthened by the collection of more data to better characterize the location of effluent plumes. 

Of particular interest in this experiment is the fact that the resistivity passes through a maximum as increasing amounts of hydrogen are reacted. In view of the results of Chapman, Griffith, and Marsh (5), it seems reasonable to associate this behavior with the transition from p-type to n-type semiconduction as the hydrogen pressure is increased however, confirming measurements of the Hall effect or thermoelectric potential as a function of hydrogen reacted would be necessary to establish this conclusion. 

Shear dependence of the limiting viscosity nvunber is probably only significant for values of [i ] of several hundred, but this has always to be confirmed. Measurements can be made in a modified capillary viscometer. Details of construction of one for this purpose have been given, and the instrument has been used to study dextran fractions. Shear dependence can also be measured in a rotating cylinder (Couette) viscometer, and a simplified model has been described. ... 

Substituted aluminophosphates are of interest as acid and oxidation catalysts. Typical substitutions include M for Al (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn), Si for and 2Si" for Al " -i- (described in Chapters 2 and 3). In cases where the degree of substitution is at a few percent, similar methods to those for substitutional metallosilicates can be used for confirmation (measurement of unit cell dimensions, P MAS NMR for measuring the substitutions of cations for A1 and Si NMR for measuring the mode of silicon substitution). For some of the metals, much higher metal substitutions are possible than for silicates, and complete replacement of aluminium by cations such as cobalt in tetrahe-drally connected frameworks has been reported (see Chapter 2). A number of other metals have been claimed to have been substituted into the aluminophosphate framework, including Ti" and C -3+ i03,i04... 

The test system identifies faults on the board. Assuming that repaired boards are acceptable to the end user and that it makes economic sense to repair boards, a repair process normally follows testing. Because fixture problems, contamination problems, product registration problems, and other issues often result in false error reports, a verification process usually is added between testing and repair. During verification, a technician reads the fault data and makes confirming measurements to determine whether the reported faults are genuine. 

It lists requirements for validation and confirmation measures to ensure that a sufficient and acceptable level of safety is being achieved. It addresses the entire development life cycle... 

Red CS4 AND ABOVE NOTE THAT COMPREHENSIVE RISK ASSESMENTIS REQURIEDTO CONFIRM MEASURES ... 

Confirmation Measure require, questioning or examine compliance to ISO 26262. 

Especially due to legal requirements, especially liability requires confirmation and a certain level of approval for the product under development are State of the Art . In order to assure also for these confirmation sufficient or adequate transparence and traceability reports of the confirmations measures are required. 

The second objective of this clause is to define the requirements for the safety management during the concept phase and the development phases, including the planning and coordination of the scfety activities, the progression of the safety lifecycle, the creation of the scfety case, and the execution of the confirmation measures. 

Safety management includes the responsibility to ensure that the confirmation measures are performed. Depending on the applicable ASIL, some confirmation measures require independence regarding resources, management and release authority (see 6.4.7). 

Confirmation measures include confirmation reviews, functional safety audits and functional safety assessments ... 

Therefor ISO 26262 recommends a development accompanying Functional Safety Assessment and only the final evaluation of the product after integration, safety validation and other confirmation measures called a Functional Safety Assessment. 

In addition to the confirmation measures, verification reviews are performed. These reviews, which are required in other parts of ISO 26262, are intended to verify that the associated work products fulfil the project requirements, and the technical requirements with respect to use cases and failure modes... 

Table I lists the required confirmation measures. Annex D lists the reviews concerning verification and refers to the applicable parts of ISO 26262... 

Verifications during conception and product development arc rcquircd as a mayor input for aU confirmation measures. In ISO 26262, Part 2, annex D some proposals for planning and execution of verifications and other confirmation measures are shown. 

For the confirmation measures, the standard provides some further detailed requirements. 

Confirmation measures types, independency and authority 6.4.7.1 The confirmation measures specified in Table 1 shall be performed, in accordance with the required level (rfindependency. Table 2, 6.4.3.5 i), 6.4.8 and 6.4.9... 

NOTE 3 Table 1 includes the confirmation measures. An overview of the verification reviews is given in Annex D. 

NOTE 4 A report that is a result of a confirmation measure includes the name and revision number of the work products or process documents analysed [see ISO 26262-8 —, 10.4.5 (documentation)]. 

NOTE 6 The aim of each confirmation measure is given in Annex C. 

NOTE 7 Confirmation measures such as confirmation reviews and Junctional safety audits can be merged and combined with the functional safety assessment to support the handling of comparable variants of an item. 

II the confirmation measure shall be performed, by a different person ... 

The three confirmation measures are further specified in Table 2 (Fig. 7.2). 

ISO 26262 provides in Table 2 the mayor comer points of the 3 confirmation measures. In a footnote it indicates that the review and audit report can be included in the assessment report. 

The tables (Fig. 7.1) also give an indication what level or degree of independence is required for what confirmation measure. The concern is, that people from... 

Generally, it will never be possible to describe, which safety activities are suitable for which risks in any case it was not the aim of ISO 26262 to provide standardized concrete safety measures for certain failure scenarios. This is why it will also not be possible to say, which confirmation measures are necessary, adequate or suitable for which safety activities. The confirmation measures need to be planned based on the safety concept. 

Confirmation Review is only mentioned in the tables of part 2. Apart from these tables there are no requirements for this kind of confirmation measure. But the objective of Confirmation Reviews is to build the bridge between other verifications as required or become necessary due to given requirements from the standard. The tables show that the key task should ensure the consistency and compliance of the norm according to ISO 26262 as well as that it is also a matter of standard compliance and work results and its documentation in defined work-products. However, most of the results also have to undergo verification according to ISO 26262, part 8, clause 9, which should show the consistency, correctness and completeness of essential work results. Essential however would be consistency checks of all work results, just like it is required later for the Safety Case. The tables label the confirmation reviews for the important work results ... 

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