Concrete standards

Standard Test Method for Mercurous Nitrate Test for Copper and Copper Alloys Standard Specification for Cellulosic Fiber (Wood-Base) Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation Standard Test Method for Half-CeU Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Standard Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test... 

In situations where health risk concerns are of greatest importance, surface and air contamination standards will often predominate. This is particularly true in commercial office buildings where PCB contamination is present in paint or concrete on walls, furniture and equipment. These are considered high contact areas for employees and, along with air, represent the most direct route of human exposure. Because of the porous nature of concrete, standard solvent-based wipe sampling techniques are not as applicable to concrete surfaces as they would be to bare metal surfaces and other nonporous materials. 

In addition to the above, combination 1 will also be designed for temperature and shrinkage, in place of 1.3 Tq, using TVA Concrete Standards for Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement as the criteria. 

These materials are known by various names. The European concrete standards refer to them as additions.I The ASTM classifies them as mineral admixtures. In the literature, they are also described as supplementary cementing materials, cement replacement materials, or... 

Satisfied that a framework was now in place to meet the protection needs of those who had been left stateless by the Second World War, the international community turned its attention to a second objective to ensure that, in fiiture, no new cases of statelessness would arise. i The idea was to turn the aspiration of Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 into concrete standards for states to incorporate in their nationalfly laws. In particular, the notion that everyone has the right to a nationality would be further codifled in an international convention, through a set of safeguards that indicate which nationality a person is entitled to when he or she would otherwise be stateless. 

An experienced inspection engineer will attempt to identify the characteristics of a given structure to determine potential. specific critical damage mechanisms. No individual major concrete structure can be adequately analysed by simple mass-accumulation of data and using criteria, which are based on standard codes. This does not mean that either data-collection or available criteria are not useful, but they should be exercised with care and flexibility and the procedures for inspection customised for the given structure. 

These are just a few of the standard examples of explicit applications of the Onsager theory to concrete cases. 

Concrete interior piers required for towers with standard colunms or when interior-column anchorage is necessary... 

Treatment Standards of Liquid Redox Waste in California, State of California Department of Health Services, Toxic Substances Control Program, Alternative Technology Division, June 1990 TuphurPolymer Cement Concrete, Design and Construction Manual, The Sulphur Institute, Washington, D.C., 1994. 

Other Types of Portland Cements. White Portland cementis standard Type I or III Pordand cement with raw materials selected and controUed to have negligible amounts of Hon and manganese oxides, which impart the gray color. The white Pordand cement is used in decorative and architectural appHcations like precast curtain waUs, terra22o surfaces, stucco, tile grout, and decorative concrete. 

ASTM Standards on Mineral Aggregates and Concrete, March 1956. NOTE To convert inches to centimeters, multiply by 2.54. 

The way in which materials are used in a developed nation is fairly standard. All consume steel, concrete and wood in construction steel and aluminium in general engineering copper in electrical conductors polymers in appliances, and so forth and roughly in the same proportions. Among metals, steel is used in the greatest quantities by far 90% of all the metal produced in the world is steel. But the non-metals wood and concrete beat steel - they are used in even greater volume. 

E.B. Rasa, B. McCollom, O.S. Peters, Electrolysis in Concrete, U.S. Bureau of Standards, Technological Paper No. 18, Washington 1913. 

Cathodic Protection of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Structures, Proposed NACE-Standard, Committee T-3K-2 NACE, Houston 1985. 

I xtemal inspection criteria are provided by these standards for foundation and supports, anchor bolts, concrete or steel supports, guy wires, nozzles, sprinklers pipe hangers, . rouiuling coiiiiee(ions, protective coatings, insulation, and external metal surfaces. 

Figure4.9 Standard pipe installations for water sluice valve up to 10 inches or 250 millimeter diameter. Notes (1) If a valve extension spindle is required, a galvanized centering support must be provided. (2) Flanged valves with appropriate adapters must be used. (3) Unless otherwise directed, pre-cast concrete units shall be bedded on well-compacted granular material Type A brought up from the base of the trench...

Figure4.10 Standard pipe installations for a double air valve. Note Unless otherwise directed, pre-cast concrete units shall be bedded on well-compacted granular material Type A brought up from the base of the trench.

Figure 4.12 Standard bulk meter layout for a brick-built chamber (230 mm brickwork on a concrete base). Notes (1) the flowmeter should be either on straight or bypass to suit specific site (i.e. to keep meter off road). (2) Chamber cover should be approximately 685 mm x 510 mm...

Mounting configuration and operating envelope Industrial standards, such as the rathbone severity chart, assume that the machine is rigidly mounted on a suitable concrete foundation. Machines mounted on deck-plate or on flexible foundations have higher normal vibration profiles and cannot be evaluated using these standards. 

All metal surfaces such as mild steel should be grit blasted, normally to SA 2-5 as defined in Swedish Standard SIS 055900. If the surfaces are contaminated with oil, grease or a chemical from previously used items, the contamination is usually removed by sweating in steam prior to grit blasting. Concrete surfaces must be clean and dry and any laitence must be removed as it will affect the bond of the lining. Preferably the surface should be grit blasted. 

The interior surface finish, to comply with EEC and other health standards, must be rustproof, cleanable, and free from any crevices which can hold dirt. Bare timber in any form is not permitted. Most liners are now aluminium or galvanized steel sheet, finished white with a synthetic enamel or plastic coating. GRP liners are also in use. Floors are of hard concrete or tiles. Very heavy working floors may have metal grids let into the concrete surface. Floor concrete is coved up at the base of the walls to form a protective curb. 

The concrete block walls of the cell housing the generator tube and associated components are 1.7 meters thick. The facility also includes a Kaman Nuclear dual-axis rotator assembly for simultaneous transfer and irradiation of reference and unknown sample, and a dual Na iodide (Nal) scintillation detector system designed for simultaneous counting of activated samples. Automatic transfer of samples between load station to the rotator assembly in front of the target, and back to the count station, is accomplished pneumatically by means of two 1.2cm (i.d.) polyethylene tubes which loop down at both ends of the system and pass underneath the concrete shielding thru a pipe duct. Total one-way traverse distance for the samples is approx 9 meters. In performing quantitative analysis for a particular element by neutron activation, the usual approach is to compare the count rates of an unknown sample with that of a reference standard of known compn irradiated under identical conditions... 

NOTE Apart from the standard packaged, horizontal and vertical boilers discussed previously, other designs of packaged, direct-fired, LP steam generators are commonly available but designed for special industrial applications, such as curing concrete. 

---