Compressed petroleum gas

COMPRESSED PETROLEUM GAS (68476-85-7) A mixture of propane, butane, and other flammable gases (flash point about — 100 F/—74°C propane — 156°F/—104°C cc butane —76°F/—60°C cc ). Violent reaction with strong oxidizers. Attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings. Flow or agitation of substance may generate electrostatic charges due to low conductivity. 

SYNONYMS bottled gas, compressed petroleum gas, liquefied hydrocarbon gas, liquefied petroleum gas, LPG. 

Synonyms/Trade Names Bottled gas, Compressed petroleum gas, Liquefied hydrocarbon gas. Liquefied petroleum gas, LPG [Note A fuel mixture of propane, propylene, butanes butylenes.]... 

Benzene was first isolated by Faraday in 1825 from the liquid condensed by compressing oil gas. It is the lightest fraction obtained from the distillation of the coal-tar hydrocarbons, but most benzene is now manufactured from suitable petroleum fractions by dehydrogenation (54%) and dealkylation processes. Its principal industrial use is as a starting point for other chemicals, particularly ethylbenzene, cumene, cyclohexane, styrene (45%), phenol (20%), and Nylon (17%) precursors. U.S. production 1979 2-6 B gals. 

CNG, compressed natural gas, and LPG, liquefied petroleum gas, are also used as alternative fuels. 

Alternative fuels fall into two general categories. The first class consists of fuels that are made from sources other than cmde oil but that have properties the same as or similar to conventional motor fuels. In this category are fuels made from coal and shale (see Fuels, synthetic). In the second category are fuels that are different from gasoline and diesel fuel and which require redesigned or modified engines. These include methanol (see Alcohol fuels), compressed natural gas (CNG), and Hquefted petroleum gas (LPG). 

Fuel modification in terms of volatility, hydrocarbon types, or additive content. Some of the fuels currently being used are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), fuels with alcohol additives, and unleaded gasoline. The supply of some of these fuels is very limited. Other fuel problems involving storage, distribution, and power requirements have to be considered. 

Remick, R.J., Tiller, A.J., Advanced Methods for Low Pressure Storage of CNG, Non-petroleum Vehicular Fuels Conference, Washington, April 1985 Otto, K., Alternative Energy Sources IV, Vol 6 p241, Ann Arbor Science, MI Barton, S.S., Holland, J.A. Quinn, D.F., "The Development of Adsorbent Carbon for Storage of Compressed Natural Gas, Report AF-85-01, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, 1985 1201 Wilson Ave, Downsview, Ontario, Canada M3M 1J8... 

Compressed Natural Gas Liquefied Natural Gas Methanol Propane (Liquid Petroleum Gas) Other Total ... 

Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment and Systems Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code... 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - Hydrocarbon fractions lighter than gasoline, such as ethane, propane, and butane, kept in a liquid state through compression and/or refrigeration, commonly referred to as "bottled... 

Alternative fuels are substitute fuel sources to petroleum. These fuels are important because they replace petroleum fuels however, some still include a small amount of petroleum in the mixture. By replacing petroleum-based fuels, we will no longer need to rely on fossil fuel, which is a non-renewable resource. There are many benefits in using alternative fuels as well. The population of automobiles is currently dominated by vehicles burning gasoline, where the main alternative fuels for these types of vehicles are alcohol, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen and electricity. 

Figure 4.1 shows the whole sale prices of a number of possible alternative fuels on an energy equivalent basis compared to conventional gasoline (AlCHE, 1997). Only compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) appear to have some economic advantage relative to gasoline while ethanol, methanol and electricity are at a severe economic disadvantage (Piel, 2001). 

Alternative fuels Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), Ethanol, 85% (E85), Ethanol, 95% (E95), Methanol, 85% (M85), Methanol, neat (MlOO), Compressed natural gas (CNG), Liquefied natural gas (LNG), Biodiesel (BD), Hydrogen, and Electricity... 

Demirbas, A. 2002. Enel properties of hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas (CNG) for transportation. Energy Sources 24 601-610. 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Compressed and liquefied light-end petroleum fractions. LPG is primarily propane with low concentrations of ethane and butane. 

RF-A is industry-average gasoline RFG is California reformulated gasoline M85 is a mixture of 85% methanol, 15% gasoline, CNG = compressed natural gas LPG = liquefied petroleum gas. 

Organic Gasoline1 Methanol M85 Ml 00 Ethanol Liquefied petroleum gas Compressed natural gas... 

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS Bottled Gas, LPG Propane-butane-(propylene) Pyrofax, Flammable Compressed Gas 1 4 0 ... 

The petroleum engineer often must combine the compressibilities of gas, oil, water, and rock. In order to have the numbers on the same basis, reporting compressibilities on the order of 10"6 is convenient. The reciprocal of psi, psi- sometimes is called sip. A value of 10-6 psi 1 is a microsip. The answer to Example 6-4 is 1300 microsips. 

LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)— propane or (less commonly) butane, obtained by extraction from natural gas or from refinery processes. LPG has a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit compression and storage in a liquid state at moderate pressures and normal ambient temperatures. Pressurized in metal bottles or tanks. LPG is easily handled and readily lends itself to a variety of applications as a fuel, refrigerant, and propellant in packaged aerosols. LPG is also called LP gas and bottled gas. See natural gas liquids. 

A process pioneered by the National Coal Board in England that has not reached the fully developed stage but that has considerable potential is supercritical gas extraction. In this process the coal is pyrolized at a relatively low temperature, around 400°C, in the presence of a compressed supercritical gas, that is, a gas whose temperature is above the critical temperature at which it can be liquefied. Suitable gases are, for example, a number of petroleum fractions. Under these conditions at high pressures, around 10 MPa, the gas density is like that of a liquid, and the gas acts like a strong solvent that causes the liquids to volatilize and be taken up by the vapor. By transferring the gas to a vessel at atmospheric pressure, the density of the solvent gas is reduced and the extracted... 

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