Propane + n-Butane

Engstrom J R, Goodman D W and Weinberg W H 1988 Hydrogenolysis of ethane, propane, n-butane and neopentane... 

Paraffinic Hydrocarbons Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane 1-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane... 

The best fit of velocity exponent n in Hp °c ug (Figure 4.3.11) for pure propane (n-butane) is n = 4.733 (3.638), corresponding to Sc = 1.37 (1.61) from n = (2Sc-l)/ (Sc -1), which agreed well with the suggested value of Sc = 1.376 (1.524). The experimental liftoff height data are shown in Figure 4.3.12 for various nozzle diameters and partial air dilutions to fuel [53]. It can be observed that the air dilution to fuel does not alter Ypst and S° sf The results substantiated the role of tri-brachial flames on flame stabilization in laminar jets. As mentioned previously. Equation 4.3.5 limits the maximum velocity Ug for Sc > 1, which corresponds to blowout condition. 

Example 4.3 A mixture of ethane, propane, n-butane, n -pentane and n-hexane is given in the Table 4.3. For this calculation, it can be assumed that the K-values are ideal. For the mixture in Table 4.3, an equation of state method might have been a more appropriate choice. Flowever, this makes the calculation of the K-values much more complex. The ideal K-values for the mixture can be expressed in terms of the Antoine Equation as ... 

A saturated liquid mixture of ethane, propane, n-butane, n-pentane and n-hexane given in Table 9.9 is to be separated by distillation such that 95% of the propane is recovered in the distillate and 90% of the butane is recovered in the bottoms. Estimate the distribution of the other components for a column operating at 10 bar. Assume that the K-values can be correlated by... 

Schubert, C.C., Pease, R.N. (1956) The oxidation of lower paraffin hydrocarbons. I. Room temperature reaction of methane, propane, n-butane and isobutane with ozonized oxygen. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 2044—2048. 

With propene, n-butene, and n-pentene, the alkanes formed are propane, n-butane, and n-pentane (plus isopentane), respectively. The production of considerable amounts of light -alkanes is a disadvantage of this reaction route. Furthermore, the yield of the desired alkylate is reduced relative to isobutane and alkene consumption (8). For example, propene alkylation with HF can give more than 15 vol% yield of propane (21). Aluminum chloride-ether complexes also catalyze self-alkylation. However, when acidity is moderated with metal chlorides, the self-alkylation activity is drastically reduced. Intuitively, the formation of isobutylene via proton transfer from an isobutyl cation should be more pronounced at a weaker acidity, but the opposite has been found (92). Other properties besides acidity may contribute to the self-alkylation activity. Earlier publications concerned with zeolites claimed this mechanism to be a source of hydrogen for saturating cracking products or dimerization products (69,93). However, as shown in reaction (10), only the feed alkene will be saturated, and dehydrogenation does not take place. 

The general treatment of the hydrocarbon stream leaving the alkylation reactor is similar in all processes. First, the acid and hydrocarbon phases have to be separated in a settler. The hydrocarbon stream is fractionated in one or more columns to separate the alkylate from recycle isobutane as well as from propane, n-butane, and (sometimes) isopentane. Because HF processes operate at higher isobutane/alkene ratios than H2S04 processes, they require larger separation units. All hydrocarbon streams have to be treated to remove impurity acids and esters. 

When ethylene is reacted at 573 K in the presence of water in static conditions, oligomerization and conjunct polymerization give rise to paraffinic, olefinic and aromatic products (8). Nevertheless, the distribution of the aliphatics and aromatics is quite different from that of the steam-cracking products. In the former a great variety of products is formed they include propane, n-butane, isobutane and isopentane as aliphatics, and toluene, xylenes and ethylbenzene as aromatics (Figure 6B). 

D. A. Pittam, G. Pilcher. Measurements of Heats of Combustion by Flame Calorimetry. Part 8. Methane, Ethane, Propane, n-Butane and 2-Methylpropane. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 11972, 68, 2224-2229. 

The interaction parameters for binary systems containing water with methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-octane, and benzene have been determined using data from the literature. The phase behavior of the paraffin - water systems can be represented very well using the modified procedure. However, the aromatic - water system can not be correlated satisfactorily. Possibly a differetn type of mixing rule will be required for the aromatic - water systems, although this has not as yet been explored. 

Fig. 1. RPT compositions for an ethane-propane-n-butane system on 293-K water ( ) explosion (0) pop (O) boil.

Fia. 3. Contractions and expansions of an activated carbon rod as a function of pressure-volume units of adsorbed material. Key O, ethane X, n-propane , n-butane V, n-pentane , 2,2-dimethyl propane -H, carbon tetrachloride. (73). 

The catalytic behavior of small metal particles in heterogeneous catalysts varies with metallic particle size and shape a phenomenon referred as a structure-sensitivity. Simple alkanes such as ethane, propane, n-butane and isobutane can be used as archetype molecules for studying hydrogenolysis reactions as they... 

Anderson and Erskine (1) in 1924, relating to propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, and Ce and C7 branched paraffins in a natural gasoline... 

ETHYL ACETOACETATE Propane n-Butane Isobutane n-Pentane n-Hexane n-Heptane... 

Table III gives a range of the possible feedstocks that can be used to produce ethylene and the kinds and amounts of by-products that can be made from them. For our purposes we have selected a constant basis of 1 billion lbs/year ethylene production. The feedstocks illustrated in Table III include ethane, propane, n-butane, a full range naphtha, a light gas oil, and a heavy gas oil. The yields reflect high severity conditions with recycle cracking of ethane in all cases. For propane feed, propane recycle cracking has been included as well.

Table VII presents the data for ethane, propane, n-butane, full range naphtha, and heavy gas oil cases for the United States, while Table VIII shows the naphtha, light gas oil, and heavy gas oil based on a European situation.

Hydrate Methane + propane + n-butane Reference Paranjpe et al. (1987)... 

Binary Mixtures of Propane + n-Butane with Inhibitors... 

Hydride transfer steps leading to the formation of propane, n-butane, and isopentane are involved in propagation cycles of the surface chain reactions, whereas hydride transfer steps that produce heavier alkanes lead to termination of surface chain reactions. 

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