National Coal Board

Other variations of catalytic and noncatalytic coal Hquefaction schemes were also developed (27,28). Additionally, bench-scale and semiworks systems have been operated in Germany by researchers at Bergbau-Forschung in Essen (29). A 2.5 ton per day pilot plant is being operated by the National Coal Board in the United Kingdom at Point of Ayr in Wales (30). This facdity is notable for the use of semibatch or candle filters for removal of mineral matter and unreacted coal from the primary Hquefaction products. 

Gasoline from Coal., National Coal Board, Coal House, Harrow, Middlesex, UK, 1986. 

Durand, R, and Condolios, E. Proceedings of a Colloquium on the Hydraulic Transport of Coal, National Coal Board, London (1952), Paper IV. The hydraulic transportation of coal and solid materials in pipes. 

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the SERC, National Coal Board and B.P. Research (Sunbury). Discussions with Prof. H. Purnell and Dr. J. Ballantine (Swansea) and Drs T. Payment and J. Klinowski are appreciated. 

The policy of the National Coal Board is to increase mechanisation in the mines for reasons both of safety and economy in personnel. This process has had considerable success on long wall faces and the majority of these are now worked mechanically. On a few faces complete remotely operated mining is possible at present. The process of mechanisation will... 

National Coal Board, Coal Research Establishment, Stoke Orchard, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England... 

Thus it will be necessary to exploit other more abundant resources of hydrocarbons. In the United Kingdom there are large reserves of coal which could satisfy demand for at least two hundred and fifty years. The National Coal Board currently mines approximately 120 million tons of coal per annum of which 65% is used for generating electricity (JO. (Combustion of the low sulphur British coals does not result in excessive atmospheric pollution.) To satisfy the increased demand for coal the National Coal Board has undertaken an investment programme which includes the development of a mining complex at Selby in Yorkshire which, it is estimated, will produce in excess of 10-million tons when full production is reached in 1988. 

At the Coal Research Establishment of the National Coal Board, methods for the liquefaction of coals to produce transport fuels, feedstocks for the chemical industry and high purity carbons suitable for electrode manufacture are being developed. 

This paper is published with the permission of the National Coal Board. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Board. 

CSD [Critical solvent deashing] A process for removing insoluble material from coal before liquifaction, using toluene as a solvent under subcritical conditions. Used in the Kerr-McGee and National Coal Board processes. 

NCB 1975. The Subsidence Engineers Handbook. National Coal Board, Mining Department, London, 111 pp. 

In 1957 the National Coal Board [83] centralized the purchase of permitted explosives in Great Britain and introduced standardization of composition, cartridge sizes etc. 

National Coal Board Specification No. P 112/1957, Permitted Explosives. 

National Coal Board, London) for his assistance in translating the German text. 

Samples Studied. From British Seams. The suite of samples was collected and separated by the Coal Survey of the National Coal Board under the direction of Dr. G. W. Fenton, and the authors are indebted to Dr. Fenton for the gift of the samples. The suite consisted of the vitrinites, spore-rich exinites, fusinites and, in one case, the micrinite from five British coal seams of Carboniferous age together with the vitrinites from two coals of higher rank from which it was impracticable to separate the other macerals. The exinites were separated by float-and-sink methods from selected black durain bands, as also... 

British system of coal classification used by the National Coal Board (15). ... 

Figure 11.6. Thickeners for preconcentration of feed to filters or for disposal of solid wastes [see also the rake classifier of Fig. 12.2(e)]. (a) A thickener for concentrating slurries on a large scale. The rakes rotate slowly and move settled solids towards the discharge port at the center. Performance data are in Table 11.11 Brown, Unit Operations, Wiley, New York, 1950). (b) Deep cone thickener developed for the National Coal Board (UK), in a unit about lOftdia the impellers rotate at about 2rpm and a flow rate of 70 m3/scc with a solids content of 6wt%, concentrates to 25-35 wt % (Svarovsky, 1981).

Coal Mine Fires. Fires in coal mines are particularly dangerous not only because a naked flame may ignite firedamp (or coal dust) and initiate an expln, but also because coal itself provides a virtually unexhaustible supply of fuel. Every precaution should be taken to prevent such fires and the use of combustible materials in mines should be avoided. As an example of fire caused by a combustible article, may be cited the disastrous fire in 1950 at Creswell Mine, England, responsible for the death of 80 people. It was caused by flammable rubber conveyer belting. To prevent a repetition of such disaster, the British National Coal Board ordered replacement of all underground rubber belting by non-flammable polyvinyl chloride belting... 

Professor Peter Given at Penn State and the analytical data on these coals are given In Table II- The samples were provided to Professor Given by the British National Coal Board and were stored under nitrogen since their preparation. 

Maceral concentrates given to the authors by Professor P. H. Given at Penn State. These British macerals concentrates were supplied by the British National Coal Board. Analytical data are given in Table III. 

A process pioneered by the National Coal Board in England that has not reached the fully developed stage but that has considerable potential is supercritical gas extraction. In this process the coal is pyrolized at a relatively low temperature, around 400°C, in the presence of a compressed supercritical gas, that is, a gas whose temperature is above the critical temperature at which it can be liquefied. Suitable gases are, for example, a number of petroleum fractions. Under these conditions at high pressures, around 10 MPa, the gas density is like that of a liquid, and the gas acts like a strong solvent that causes the liquids to volatilize and be taken up by the vapor. By transferring the gas to a vessel at atmospheric pressure, the density of the solvent gas is reduced and the extracted... 

P.M. Shepherd, S. Whitehouse and M. Benn who have contributed to the concepts described in this article. Thanks are also due to the National Coal Board and Science and Engineering Research Council for supporting these studies. 

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