Fuel problem

Fuel modification in terms of volatility, hydrocarbon types, or additive content. Some of the fuels currently being used are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), fuels with alcohol additives, and unleaded gasoline. The supply of some of these fuels is very limited. Other fuel problems involving storage, distribution, and power requirements have to be considered. 

Let us return to the debit and credit balance we found in our water gas fuel problem. In terms of A//, the heat effects are as follows ... 

America s roads more than tripled, General Motors overtook Ford as the world s largest carmaker. And as engineers improved the efficiency of internal combustion engines, the need for more efficient fuel became even more pressing. Adding to the car industry s pressure for a solution to the fuel problem, the U.S. Geological Survey announced—mistakenly—that world petroleum deposits would be depleted in a few years. 

The one available means to significantly meet future world energy needs, while avoiding the fossil fuel problems, is to expand the use of nuclear energy. The key... 

The climate change problem is largely a fossil fuel problem. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 report, at least 57% of greenhouse gas emissions... 

Electrics have made some reappearances over the years. A major effort occurred after the fuel problems from the Arab oil embargo in 1973. But in the late 1950s the utility-endorsed Henney Kilowatt of 1959 to 1961 appeared as a converted French Renault Dauphine. About 120 Henneys were built and other efforts were even not that successful. 

Conventional nuclear reactors and advanced breeder reactors were America s primary energy strategy since the 1950s to resolve the fossil fuel problem but when a reactor accident occurred in 1979 at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, public and investor confidence in nuclear fission dropped. The accident was triggered by the failure of a feedwater pump that supplied water to the steam generators. The backup feedwater pumps were not connected to the system as required, which caused the reactor to heat up. The safety valve then failed to act which allowed a radioactive water and gas leak. This was the worst nuclear power accident in the U.S., but in this accident no one was killed and no one was directly injured. At Three Mile Island faulty instrumentation gave incorrect readings for the... 

This is the breakdown of the percentage of paraffins, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics in gasoline. Fuel olefin content is closely monitored. High-olefin-content gasoline is unstable and can lead to various fuel problems such as deposit formation and color degradation. 

Marine fuel sulfur can range from 1.5 wt% for DMA to as high as 5.0% for RME and higher-viscosity grades of marine residual fuel. Problems related to sulfur include high SOx emissions and the formation of sulfuric and other acids within the fuel combustion system. At low temperatures, the formation and condensation of acids within the combustion chamber can result in corrosion and wear of metal system components. 

Air contains approximately 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen and <1% of other elements such as carbon dioxide and argon. Since oxygen is known to react with numerous materials, it can be a source of fuel problems. Hydrocarbons which have reacted with oxygen from air can yield a variety of compounds such as peroxides, organic acids, and gums. 

Low temperatures can be the source of a wealth of fuel problems. When fuels and oils are cold, they can ... 

A variety of fuel performance problems can be directly linked to the presence of olefinic compounds in a fuel. Problems such as darkening of fuel color, gum and sludge formation, and combustion system deposits can be directly linked to the presence of olefins. 

Utilizing Physical and Chemical Property Measurements to Identify Sources of Fuel Problems... 

Petroleum product physical and chemical properties such as viscosity, aromatic content and distillation profile can provide a wealth of information about product quality and performance. The information provided in this chapter can be used to help identify how specific physical and chemical property measurements can be used to identify and solve fuel problems. 

One of the easiest ways to determine the character and sometimes the quality of a fuel is to examine the distillation profile. Certain characteristics of fuel performance and potential fuel problems can be determined from the distillation profile of the fuel. Some important and known examples are provided as follows ... 

Fuel problems which can typically be solved by a fuel antioxidant are... 

Solving Fuel Problems by Using Chemicel Additives 139... 

Fuel problems which typically can be solved by a wax crystal modifier ... 

Solving Fuel Problems by Uaing Chemicel Additives 151... 

---