Detail drawings

Electrical and Instrumentation Estimation These costs usually range from 4 to 10 percent of the total installed plant cost, with a median value of about 7.5 percent. As with piping estimation, the process design must be almost completed before detailed drawings and specifications can be prepared for estimating purposes. However, actual elec trical costs can be up to 100 percent higher than estimated costs, and so it is important to attempt to maintain the accuracy range within reasonable hmits. 

Tube pitch parallel to flow p and normal to flow p . These quantities are needed only for estimating other parameters. If a detailed drawing of the exchanger is available, it is better to obtain these other parameters by direct count or calculation. The pitches are described by Fig. 11-5 and read therefrom for common tube layouts. 

The case studies that follow have mainly come from live product development projects in industry. Whilst not all case studies require the methodology to predict an absolute capability, a common way of applying CA is by evaluating and comparing a number of design schemes and selecting the one with the most acceptable performance measure, either estimated Cp, assembly risk or failure cost. In some cases, commercial confidence precludes the inclusion of detailed drawings of the components used in the analyses. CA has been used in industry in a number of different ways. Some of these are discussed below ... 

Some companies do not allow the use of this sheet in their work primarily because of the confidential nature of some of the.process data. Wliere it is used, it presents a concise summary of the complete process and key mechanical data for assembly. This type of sheet requires more time for complete preparation, but like all engineering developments preliminary issues are made as information is available. Often the sheet is not complete until the piping and other detailed drawings are finished. This then is an excellent record of the process as well as a work sheet for training operators of the plant. 

Based on the layout spacing, select a drum length of 6 ft, 8 in. + 2 (2 ft overhang) = 10 ft, 8 in. overall length (approximate, to be adjusted on final detail drawing). The new diameter corresponding to this length is... 

Detailed drawings and description of device and methods used for manufacture and control of the device. 

Using FTA requires a detailed understanding of how a process or system functions, detailed drawings and procedures, and knowledge of component failure modes and effects. The team leader should be well trained and experienced in constructing fault trees. 

For comparison purposes they also studied the diffraction pattern of polycrystalline ice Ih at 77 K. We shall discuss these data in detail, drawing heavily on Ref. 27>. It is convenient to begin with the case of poly crystalline ice Ih, and discuss in turn H20(as) deposited at 77 K, H20(as) deposited at 10 K, and the comparison with the neutron diffraction data. 

Build a three-dimensional model showing the composition of your material. Prepare a detailed drawing to explain the bonding that occurs between particles in your material. 

A detailed drawing of a simple metal atom reactor, largely build from commercially available parts, is given in Fig. 2. The main reaction chamber consists of a 3000-mL reaction flask and a four-necked top section. This reactor is suitable for all the experiments described in this chapter, with the possible exception of the molybdenum compounds. For syntheses of a practical scale with refractory metals (vaporization temperature greater than 2000°, e.g. Re, Mo, and W) a larger diameter reactor (140-178 mm) with a standard wall thickness (about 3.5 mm) is recommended to improve heat dissipation. 

Rene Lorin, a French engineer, made detailed drawings of a proposed ramjet engine... 

The brief may consist of information from simple verbal instructions to very detailed drawings and specifications. 

Detailed drawings of low-temperature cells, including cells for liquid ammonia solvent [8], have been published [27]. 

The full design specification for the steam superheater is given in Table 10.2, and a detailed drawing presented in Figure 10.1. 

R. van Pelt, op. cit. (note 69), pp. 194, 208 caveat emptor. Though van Pelt s translation of Kula s testimony is erroneous, and though the data supplied in Kula s testimony is rather meager, van Pelt uses it to make five different, very detailed drawings—some of it necessarily based on van Pelt s fantasy, and the rest based on Kula s fantasy. 

Other utility systems. Other utility systems required in a refinery are electric power distribution, instrument air, drinking water, fire, water, sewers, waste collection, and so forth. Since these are difficult to estimate without detailed drawings, the cost is normally included in the offsite facilities. 

Figure 2 Schematic view of the apparatus used in studies of the steric effects in gas-surface scattering. A detail of the crystal mount with die orientation rod at 1 cm in front of the surface is shown in die right hand corner. A detailed drawing of the hexapole state selector is given below the main figure. The voltage is applied to die six small rods indicated by an arrow. Key Q quadrupole mass spectrometer R Rempi detector M, crystal manipulator SI, beam source for state selected molecules H electric hexapole state selector C mechanical beam chopper V pulsed gas source S2, continuous molecular beam source. From Tenner et al. [34].

A detailed drawing of the reactor assembly is shown in Fig. 14. It is a stainless steel, 1-L autoclave equipped with a Magnedrive stirrer and a cooling coil. A special shaft extension was made to provide extra room for insulation heating tapes. It can be operated at a high stirrer speed so as to have all phases completely backmixed. The Magnedrive is cooled by house air. 

During the manuscript stage of this review the authors have learnt of other accounts of UPS, which are shortly to be published. Menzel (104) in particular has reviewed recent developments in both UPS and XPS, concentrating on the usefulness of combining the methods with other surface sensitive techniques. Plummer (105) reviews UPS in some detail, drawing on much of his own as yet unpublished work for examples. 

FIG. 3.1 Apparatus for the sublimation of magnesium. (Based on detailed drawings of apparatus developed by the workshop of the Scheikundig Laboratorium, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam). 

Detail drawing of the sample bulb, showing mediod of filhng. 

The detailed-t eoff method can rarely if ever be used. When detailed drawings are available, costs may be estimated by pricing materials and components from suppliers catalogs or, for special items, from quotations. Handbooks are available which give typical values of the labor-hours required to perform units of installation work, such as installation of switches, starters, motors, conduit wiring, and push buttons of various sizes, for both hazardous and nonhaz-ardous areas. Labor rates can be obtained from various government statistical sources or elsewhere. For the United States the National Electrical Contractors Association publishes an excellent manual of electrical costs. From the complete plans and specifications, the estimator can take off materials, estimate the labor cost, apply appropriate factors for labor efficiency, productivity, and local conditions, and achieve good results. 

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