Comparison of techniques

1 They treat a large area of a structure, not just patch up immediately corroding areas. 

2 They do not give rise to incipient anode problems. 

3 Concrete repair to damaged areas is cheaper and easier than for conventional repairs. 

2 They must be used with great care and careful selection on pre-stressed structures, those with ASR, those with epoxy coating, epoxy injections or those with poor electrical continuity of the reinforcement. 

1 Advantages should last 20—50 years or even more with proper maintenance. Proven technology (20 years + and 20-50 year Ufe on anodes), good specifications and standards both for system installation and operation and for embedded and conductive coating anodes (Section 7.4.2) 

Within the ranges of the general techniques shown in Table 7.3, there are many specific techniques that provide useful information 

Structure Macroscopic Sphemlitic Domains Lamellar Crystal lattice 

Bright field Macrostructures, microstructures, color, homogeneity 1 cm-0.3 m l-l,000x 

Phase contrast Phase variations, refractive index differences 100 tm-0.2iim 50-l,200x 

Scanning (BEI) Atomic number contrast lmm-20nm 10-10,000x 

and imaging with atomic number contrast, by BEI imaging. Comparison of these two imaging modes has been shown in Chapter 5. 

The various general microscopy techniques are listed and compared in Tables 6.6 and 6.7. Table 6.6 compares optical and electron microscope techniques, with the magnification, resolution. 

X-ray (XRD) Wide angle WAXS Crystal lattice Generally 100 jAm 

Small angle SAXS Lamellar thickness Generally 100 jAm 

Electron Selected area SAED Crystal lattice Generally 1 /im, usually 3-5 / m 

Transmission Internal morphology, lamellar and crystalline structures 10 pm-02 nm 2000-5 X 10 x 

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Comparative QSAR is a field currently under development by several groups. Large databases of known QSAR and 3D QSAR results have been compiled. Such a database can be used for more than simply obtaining literature citations. The analysis of multiple results for the same or similar systems can yield a general understanding of the related chemistry as well as providing a good comparison of techniques. 

Kirwan, B. (1992). Human Error Identification in Reliability Assessment. Part 2 Detailed comparison of techniques. Applied Ergonomics 23(6), 371-381. 

Polymer Interfaces on a Molecular Scale Comparison of Techniques and Some Examples... 

Mountain, M., 1996, What is beyond the current generation of ground-based 8-m to 10-m class telescopes and the VLT-17, SPIE 2871, 597 Schumacher, A., Montoya, L., Devaney, N., Dohlen, K., Dierickx, R, 2001, Phasing ELTs for Adaptive Optics preliminary results of a comparison of techniques, ESO Conf. Beyond Conventional Adaptive Optics, Venice (http //lenin.pd.astro.it/venice2001/proceedings/). 

FIGURE 6.25 Comparison of techniques employed for solubility determination. 

CORMACK, D., T.A.DORLING and B.W.J.LYNCH (1974). Comparison of techniques for organoleptic odour-intensity assessment. Chem.Ind. (London) no. 2, 857-861. 

Vennemann TW, Fricke HC, Blake RE, O Neil JR, Colman A (2002) Oxygen isotope analysis of phosphates a comparison of techniques for analysis of AgsP04. Chem Geol 185 321-336 Vogel JC, Grootes PM, Mook WG (1970) Isotopic fractionation between gaseous and dissolved carbon dioxide. Z Physik 230 225-238... 

Rowe RC, McMahon J. The characterisation of the microstructure of gels and emulsions containing cetostearyl alcohol and cetrimide using electron microscopy—a comparison of techniques. Colloid Surf 1987 27 367-373. 

Dylla, H. F., Comparison of Techniques for Surface Measurements, Electron. Quart. 

R.K. Dukor, Protein conformational studies using vibrational spectroscopy Comparison of techniques. Paper presented at 232nd ACS national meeting, biophysical and biomolecular symposium New and emerging techniques for protein characterization, Hilton, San Francisco, 10-14 September 2006... 

Cronin J, McNair PJ, Marshall RN. Developing explosive power a comparison of technique and training. J Sci Med Sport 2001 4 59-70. 

D. M. Fedor, R. B. Cody, D. J. Burinsky, B. S. Freiser, and R. G. Cooks, "Dissociative Excitation of Gas-Phase Ions. A. Comparison of Techniques Utilizing Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectroscopy and Angle-Resolved Mass Spectrometry," Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 39., 55-64 (1981). 

MacCraith, B., K.T.V. Grattan, D. Connolly, R. Briggs, WJ.O. Boyle, and M. Avis. 1993. Cross comparison of techniques for the monitoring of total organic carbon (TOC) in water sources and supplies. Water Sci. Technol. 28 457 163. 

Comparison of Techniques of Immunophenotypic Analysis Flow Cytometry vs. Immunohistochemistry... 

H. Fabre and A. F. Fell, Comparison of techniques for peak purity of cephalosporins, J. Liquid Chromatogr., 75 3031 (1992). 

Buckingham, R., et al. (Buckingham, 2008), Modeling the Sulfur-Iodine Cycle A Comparison of Techniques , World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Brisbane, Australia, June. 

Tomasko, D.A., and Dunton, K.H. (1995) Primary productivity in Halodule wrightii a comparison of techniques based on daily carbon budgets. Estuaries 18, 271-278. 

Kleijnen JPC, Helton JC (1999) Statistical analyses of scatterplots to identify important factors in large-scale simulations. 1 Review and comparison of techniques. Reliability Engineering System Safety, 65(2) 147-185. 

Comparison of Techniques for Detection of Caspases to TUNEL Method 10... 

A. Moeller, R. F. Ambrose, S. S. Q. Hee, A comparison of techniques for preparing E>sh Filet for ICP-AES multielemental analysis and the microwave digestion of whole Psh, Food Addit. Contam., 18 (2001), 19D29. 

H. Fabre and A. F. Fell, Comparison of techniques for peak pu- j rity of cephalosporins, J. Liquid Chromatogr., 75 3031 (1992). "j C. Q. Hu, S. H. Jin, and T. M. Wang, The chromatographic behavior of cephalosporins in gel filtration chromatography, novel method to separate high molecular weight impurities, /. j Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 77 530(1994). 

Sowers T., Brook E., Etheridge D., Blunier T., Fuchs A., Leuenberger M., Chappellaz J., Barnola J. M., Wahlen M., Deck B., and Weyhenmeyer C. (1997) An interlaboratory comparison of techniques for extracting and analyzing trapped gases in ice cores. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans 102, 26527-26538. 

Francque, S.M., de Pauw, F.F., van den Steen, G.H., van Marck, EA., Pelckmans, P.A., Michielsen, PE Biopsy of focal liver lesions Guidelines, comparison of techniques and cost-analysis. Acta Gastro-Enterol. Belg. 2003 66 160-165... 

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