Explosives development

Explosives for Use at High Temperatures. Explosives that can withstand prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures without detonating find considerable use ia such appHcations as detonators for deep oil wells, space travel, and componentry for specialised appHcations. The explosives developed for this purpose are primarily nitroaromatic compounds, the most important of which are hexanitrostilbene and... 

R. D. Lynch and co-workers, "Characteri2ation of Insensitive High Explosives Developed with Propellant Technology," in Proc. 1990JANNAF Propulsion Meeting VIII, 3-5 CPIA Pubhcation 550, CPIA, Laurel, Md., Oct. 1990, pp. 3—5. 

In the intervening years, molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecules have undergone an explosive development and been applied to a wide range of problems [3,4]. Two attributes of molecular dynamics simulations have played an essential role in their increasing use. The first is that simulations provide individual particle motions as a function of time so they can answer detailed questions about the properties of a system, often more easily than experiments. For many aspects of biomolecule function, it is these details... 

If Uvo or more systems are connected together (such as a pipe length with an orifice plate, two or more vessels connected with pipe or duct, or a compartmented vessel) and an explosion develops in No. 1 area, which generally may be at equilibrium pressure with compartments No. 2 and 3 in equilibrium with No. 2, it can cause a pressure rise in front of the dame front in the unburnt gases in the interconnecting spaces (pipe, compartment). The increased pressure in compartment or area No. 1 becomes the starting pressure for an explosion in com-... 

J.H. Veltman, Development of Explosives-Nipolite-Type Explosives Development of a Caseless Bomb and an Extrudable Nipolit-Type Explosive , PATR 1855 (1951) 4) S.S. Stivela,... 

Position 5 in Fig. lb describes the brief explosive development of biomass in an ephemeral species capable of exploiting a productive but temporary habitat. Here again morphological plasticity would be expected to predominate. In the vegetative phase, plasticity in root and shoot morphology will be an integral part of the mechanism of resource capture. 

The purpose of this monograph, the first to be dedicated exclusively to the analytics of additives in polymers, is to evaluate critically the extensive problemsolving experience in the polymer industry. Although this book is not intended to be a treatise on modem analytical tools in general or on polymer analysis en large, an outline of the principles and characteristics of relevant instrumental techniques (without hands-on details) was deemed necessary to clarify the current state-of-the-art of the analysis of additives in polymers and to accustom the reader to the unavoidable professional nomenclature. The book, which provides an in-depth overview of additive analysis by focusing on a wide array of applications in R D, production, quality control and technical service, reflects the recent explosive development of the field. Rather than being a compendium, cookery book or laboratory manual for qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of specific additives in a variety of commercial polymers, with no limits to impractical academic exoticism (analysis for its own sake), the book focuses on the fundamental characteristics of the arsenal of techniques utilised industrially in direct relation... 

These are essentially P4 explosives which incorporate the fuels developed for P5 types to avoid the danger of deflagration. When fired off the solid the confinement is sufficient to ensure that the explosive develops its full power and can perform the required work. 

The architecture of macromolecules is another important synthetic variable. New materials with controlled branching sequences or stereoregularity provide tremendous opportunity for development. New polymerization catalysts and initiators for controlled free-radical polymerization are driving many new materials design, synthesis, and production capabilities. Combined with state-of-the-art characterization by probe microscopy, radiation scattering, and spectroscopy, the field of polymer science is poised for explosive development of novel and important materials. New classes of nonlinear structured polymeric materials have been invented, such as dendrimers. These structures have regularly spaced branch points beginning from a central point—like branches from a tree trunk. New struc-... 

If the reacting system is initiated under conditions similar to point 4, pure thermal explosions develop and these explosions have thermal induction or ignition times associated with them. As will be discussed in subsequent paragraphs, thermal explosion (ignition) is possible even at low temperatures, both under the nonadiabatic conditions utilized in obtaining hydrocarbon-air explosion limits and under adiabatic conditions. 

Carbocyclic molecules occupy a special position in stereochemistry. While Barton s proposal (80) triggered explosive developments in the conformational analysis of six-membered ring compounds (80a), the inability of the qualitative theory to interpret the behavior of rings other than six membered prompted Hendrickson to utilize the MM method (9b). Further developments in this area have been well summarized (10, 81). Some of the more recent topics are mentioned below. 

Abstract More than a decade has passed since fullerenes became avaUahle to researchers in almost all fields of science. The explosive development of study on the chemical functionalization of fullerenes has led to a wide variety of fullerene derivatives. However, most of these reactions have been carried out in the liquid phase, and curiously enough the solid-state reaction (or solid-solid reaction) of fullerenes has been developed only in recent years. This chapter focuses on the solid-state reaction of fullerenes, particularly the reaction which was conducted under what is called high-speed vibration milling conditions. It will be shown how this reaction technique is pertinent for the creation of fullerene derivatives with novel structures, and how efficient this method is for certain reactions compared with the liquid-phase reaction. 

F.P. Bowden et al (quoted in Ref 1, p 172) have shown that the birth and growth of expls initiated by mechanical shocks in small quantities of material, is due to the formation of "hot spots of finite size in the explosive and that from such hot spots explosion develops, probably by a self-heating... 

Burning (Combustion) to Deflagration or Detonation Transition. See under "Detonation (and Explosion), Development (Transition) from Burning (Combustion) or from Deflagration ... 

Combustion (Burning), Development (Transition) to Detonation. See under DETONATION (AND EXPLOSION), DEVELOPMENT (TRANSITION) FROM BURNING (COMBUSTION) OR DEFLAGRATION... 

Combustion and Thermal Decomposition of Explosives. See K.K. Andreev, Explosiv-Stoffe 10(10), 203-12(1962) CA 58, 3263 (1963). This paper is also listed in this Section under Detonation (or Explosion), Development (or Transition) from Combustion (or Burning) or from Deflagration... 

See Vol 3 of this Encycl, p D38-R and under Detonation and Explosion, Development (Transition) from Deflagration or Burning (Combustion)... 

Detonation from Burning, Transition of. See under Detonation (and Explosion) Development (Transition) from Burning (Combustion) or Deflagration and the following paper by A. Macek, "Transition from Slow Burning to Detonation. A Model for Shock Formation in a Deflagrating Solid , NOLNavOrd Rept 6105(1958) [See also Andreev Belyaev(1960), 141-44]... 

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