Comparative Aspects

MP2-optimized intermolecular separations R(Y X) are reduced relative to SCF distances, consistent with the strengthening role of correlation. The separations optimized at the MP2 level furnish fairly good reproductions of experimental estimates, typically too short by 0.005 A or better. It is intriguing to note the similarity between entries for 

H20--HC1 and H S -HF, both of which contain one first-row and one second-row atom. 

The next two rows reveal that correlation also enhances the stretch that occurs within the X—H bond upon formation of the H-bond. 

11 pmol min g The rate of metabolism of various /7-nitroaromatic derivatives by S. purpuratus, at the same tissue xenobiotic concentration, is 11.9 4.7 pmol min g (see Sect. 9). 

Two more factors contributing to the persistence of xenobiotics in polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms, and presumably other marine invertebrates, are the formation of macromolecular adducts and the slow release of free metabolites. The incorporation of PAH into more stable compartments , possibly as a result of cytochrome P-450-mediated adduct formation, is particularly evident in molluscs (see Fig. 3). The metabolites of many xenobiotics are lost more slowly than the parent compound, resulting in a build-up in the tissues during both exposure and subsequent depuration periods. The primary function of metabolism, therefore, appears to be detoxication, by preventing the formation of specific reactive metabolites and, probably more importantly, the non-specific toxic action of lipophilic xenobiotics caused by their penetration of membrane systems. Loss of metabolites down a concentration gradient occurs, reducing body burden of the xenobiotic, but is obviously limited by the absence or ineffectiveness of specific transport and excretory systems for the polar metabolites. 

A cknowledgements. The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution of stimulating discussions with students and collaborating workers to the writing of the review. 

---

L. R. McDowell, Vitamins in Animal Nutrition Comparative Aspects to Eduman Nutrition, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1989, pp. 298—325. Vitamin Nutrition forPoultry, Dept, of Animal Health and Nutrition, Hoffmarm-La Roche, Inc., Nudey, N.J., 1991. 

Ohmiya, Y., Ohba, N., Toh, H., and Tsuji, F. I. (1994). Comparative aspects of the bioluminescence reactions of Hotaria parvula, Luciola cruciata, and Pbotinus pyralis. In Campbell, A. K., etal. (eds.), Biolumin. Chemi-lumin. Proc. Int. Symp., 8th 1994, pp. 572-575. Wiley, Chichester, UK. 

Metal carbonate decompositions proceed to completion in one or more stages which are generally both endothermic and reversible. Kinetic behaviour is sensitive to the pressure and composition of the prevailing atmosphere and, in particular, to the availability and ease of removal of C02. The structure and porosity of the solid product and its relationship with the reactant phase controls the rate of escape of volatile product by inter-and/or intragranular diffusion, so that rapid and effectively complete withdrawal of C02 from the interface may be difficult to achieve experimentally. Similar features have been described for the removal of water from crystalline hydrates and attention has been drawn to comparable aspects of reactions of both types in Garner s review [ 64 ]. 

Comparative Aspects of Rieske Proteins Similarity and Diversity... 

When different fibers having different diameters are compared, aspect ratio is the important factor, not the fiber length. 

Walker, C.H. (1974). Comparative aspects of the metabolism of pesticides. Environmental Quality and Safety 3, 113-153. 

Studies on the biochemistry of the taste system should take into account results obtained at other levels, such as electrophysiological recordings and, particularly, behavioral responses to taste stimuli. The term sweetness should strictly be used only in studies conducted on humans, because the description of taste modality is a verbal response. It is usually concluded that positive behavioral responses in animals, that is, preferences, or electrophysiological response to a stimulus compound that is known to be sweet to man, are due to the sweet taste. This may not necessarily be true in some cases, because behavioral or electrophysiological response may result from other taste modalities. It is, therefore, critical that comparative aspects be carefully interpreted. 

The following sections of this chapter will consider some general and comparative aspects of receptor structure and function. More detailed material on these topics may be found in the relevant chapters on individual neurotransmitters. 

Carter, A.M., Enders, A.C., Comparative aspects of trophoblast development and placenta-tion, Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 2, 2004. 

Dobbing, J. and Sands, J., Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt, Early Hum. 

Stormshak, F., Zelinski-Wooten, M.B. and Abdelgadir, S.E. (1987) Comparative aspects of the regulation of corpus luteum function in various species. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 219, 327-360. 

Blurton-Jones, N. (1972) Comparative aspects of mother-child contact. In N. Blurton-Jones (Ed.), Ethological Studies of Child Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 305-328. 

Dantzler, W. H. (1996). Comparative aspects of renal organic anion transport, Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 6, 28-38. 

Lech, J. J., Statham, C. N. Role of glucuronide formation in the selective toxicity of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) for the sea lamprey comparative aspects of TFM uptake and conjugation in sea lamprey and rainbow trout. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (1975), 37(1) 150-158. 

Harkema JR (1991) Comparative aspects of nasal airway anatomy Relevance to inhalation toxicology. Toxicol Pathol 19(4 Pt l) 321-336. 

Chemical-cue preferences of inexperienced snakes comparative aspects. Science 157,718-721. 

Comparative Aspects of Electron-Ion Recombination Processes in the Gas and Condensed Phases... 

Comparative Aspects of Polyphenol Metabolism - Proanthocyanidins and the complex esters of gallic and hexahydroxydiphenic acid show many structural similarities as plant metaijol i tes. The shape and size of the ester (5) is thus very similar to that of a proanthocyanidin hexamer (1, n = 4). The most striking feature of both structures however s the manner in which free phenolic groups are distributed over the surface of the molecule providing a structure with the inbuilt capacity for multidentate attachment to other species by hydrogen bonding. 

Liske T, Mobus W. The manufacture and comparative aspects of fluidized layer spray granulation. Drugs made in Germany 1968 XI 182-189. 

Kalant, Harold. 1977. "Comparative Aspects of Tolerance to, and Dependence on, Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Opiates." in Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal, edited by Milton M. Gross. New York Plenum. 

Kornfeld R, Kornfeld S (1976) Comparative aspects of glycoprotein structure. Annu Rev Biochem 45 217-237... 

Adamson RH, Davies DS. Comparative aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. International Encyclopaedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Section 85 (Comparative Pharmacology). Oxford Pergamon Press, 1973 851. 

Reviews are available that deal with the NMR spectra of furans, usually in comparison with its congeners, pyrrole, thiophene etc. (7lPMH(4)l2l, 63PMH(2)103, 78MI31002). Comparative aspects have already been outlined and will not be considered further. Additional data can be obtained from handbooks and atlases (B-79MI31002, b-79MI31003). 

In Section 3.01.4.2 (see Chapter 3.01) the comparative aspects of the 13C NMR spectra of various five-membered ring heterocycles are considered. The most extensive investigations on thiophenes in particular have been carried out by Gronowitz (75CS(7)76). 

Wooding, F. B. P. 1977. Comparative mammary fine structure. In Comparative Aspects of Lactation. M. Peaker (Editor). Academic Press, London, pp. 1-41. 

This review does not discuss any of the extensive work on the effects of ionizing radiation or on the immunochemistry of ribonuclease. The comparative aspects of the various ribonucleases and their possible biological roles are well covered by Barnard (10), and a number of the related enzymes are discussed in other chapters in this volume. Egami and Nakamura (11) have reviewed the microbial ribonucleases in a separate book. 

R. Komfeld and S. Komfeld, Comparative Aspects of Glycoprotein Structure, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 45 (1976) 217-237. 

Crawshaw L., Grahn D., Wollmuth L., and Simpson L. (1985) Central nervous regulation of body temperature in vertebrates comparative aspects. Pharmacol. Ther. 30, 19-30. 

Price JL (2003) Comparative aspects of amygdala connectivity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 955 50-8. 

---