Related Enzymes

For a review on epoxide hydrolases and related enzymes in the context of organic synthesis, see Faber, K. Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry, Springer New York 2004. 

Many years ago chitin was seen as a scarcely appeahng natural polymer due to the variety of origins, isolation treatments and impurities, but the works of several analytical chemists and the endeavor of an increasing number of companies have qualified chitins and chitosans for sophisticated applications in the biosciences. Chemistry today offers a range of finely characterized modified chitosans for use in the biomedical sciences. Moreover, surprising roles of these polysaccharides and related enzymes are being unexpectedly discovered [351]. 

TokuraS, Nishi N, Nishimura S, Ikeuchi Y (1984) In ZikakisJP (ed.) Chitin Chitosan and related Enzymes. Academic, New York, p. 303... 

As these freely reversible aldol additions often have less favorable equilibrium constants [30,34], synthetic reactions usually have to be driven by an excess of pyruvate to achieve satisfactory conversions. A few related enzymes have been identified that utilize phosphoenolpyruvate instead of pyruvate, which upon C—C bond formation releases inorganic phosphate, and thus renders the aldol addition essentially irreversible (Figure 10.4) [16]. Although attractive from a synthetic point ofview, the latter enzymes have been less studied as yet for preparative applications [35]. 

Hager M, Currie F, Holmberg K (2003) Organic Reactions in Microemulsions. 227 53-74 Hausler H, Stiitz AE (2001) d-Xylose (d-Glucose) Isomerase and Related Enzymes in Carbohydrate Synthesis. 215 77-114... 

Bowen, DM, Smith, CB, White, P and Davison, AN (1976) Neurotransmitter-related enzymes and indices of hypoxia in senile dementia and other abiotrophies. Brain 99 454 66. 

Moise, A.R., von Lintig, J., and Palczewski, K., Related enzymes solve evolutionarily recurrent problems in the metabolism of carotenoids, Trends Plant Sci. 10,178, 2005. 

In this presentation, we will take examples of different fruit juice processes and will try to relate enzyme activities, the role they play and the transformation they occur in terms of finished products. These examples will concern apple juice, french cider, pineapple and wine. 

Horinouchi M, T Hayashi, H Koshino, T Kurita, T Kudo (2005) Identification of 9,17-dioxo-l,2,3,4,10,11, 19-hexanorandrostan-5-oic acid, 4-hydroxy-2-oxohexanoic acid, and 2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoic acid and related enzymes involved in testosterone degradation in Comamonas testosteroni TA441. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 5275-5281. 

When the target enzyme is difficult to obtain, related enzymes could be used to provide insights in the design of novel ligands. For example, papain was used to design a class of potent cathepsin K inhibitors [33] spanning both sides of the papain active site. However, fine-tuning these inhibitors to produce more potent ones required the use of the crystal structure of cathepsin K itself [34],... 

First, in addition to the primary target, related enzymes may need to be studied as counterscreens to avoid unwanted side effects due to collateral inhibition of the... 

Mildvan AS (1997) Mechanisms of signaling and related enzymes. Proteins 29 401—416... 

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