Nutrition vitamin

Bowed legs of middle-aged man with osteomalacia, a nutritional vitamin D deficiency which results in malformation of the skeleton. 

The nutritional need for accessory food factors was first stated explicitly in 1905-1906, although the influence of diet in preventing or curing some diseases such as scurvy had long been known. The name vitamine was proposed in 1912, but the terminal e was dropped when it was realized that not all these compounds are nitrogenous bases. The vitamins serve as coenzymes in various metabolic processes, and the necessary quantities are usually supplied by an adequate diet or by synthesis by the intestinal flora. Vitamin deficiency can arise from a failure to absorb the compound from the gut. The symptoms of deficiency vary in different animal species, and not all the substances found necessary in other species have been shown to be essential for human nutrition. Vitamins are used for the prevention or cure of deficiency diseases and for some other pathological conditions,... 

In addition to their importance to human nutrition, vitamins are essential microbial growth factors. The significance of vitamins in winemaking is attributed to their influence on the fermentation process. 

Folic acid - [FOOD TOXICANTS, NATURALLY OCCURRING] (Volll) - [FINECHEMICALS - PRODUCTION] (Vol 10) -m animal nutrition [VITAMINS - FOLIC ACID] (Vol 25) -biosynthesis [VITAMINS - FOLIC ACID] (Vol 25) -m dairy substitutes [DAIRY SUBSTITUTES] (Vol 7) -deficiency [VITAMINS - FOLIC ACID] (Vol 25) -metabolism of [VITAMINS - FOLIC ACID] (Vol 25) -metabolites [VITAMINS - FOLIC ACID] (Vol 25) -mmilk [MILKANDMILKPRODUCTS] (Vol 16) -one-pot synthesis [VITAMINS - FOLIC ACID] (Vol 25) -properties [VITAMINS - FOLIC ACID] (Vol 25) -role m veterinary medicine [VETERINARY DRUGS] (Vol 24)... 

It has been known since the middle of the nineteenth century that small amounts of certain substances are very important to healthy nutrition. Vitamins are organic molecules essential in small quantities for healthy nutrition... 

Vitamin D is the collective name for vitamins D1 D2, and D3. It is used as prophylaxis for nutritional vitamin D deficiency. It also is used to treat rickets,... 

Thnrnham D and Northrop-Clewes C (1999) Optimum nutrition vitamin A and the carotenoids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58,449-57. 

Morrissey PA and Sheehy PJ (1999) Optimal nutrition vitamin E. Proceedings of the... 

Craciun, A.M., Groenen-van Dooren, M.M., Vermeer, C. (1997). Nutritional vitamin K-intake and urinary gamma-carhoxy-glutamate excretion in the rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1334(1) 44-50. 

Today, multistage vacuum evaporation is the predominant method used for liquid food concentrahon. Its major drawback is that it causes heat-induced deterioration of sensory (color, taste, and aroma) and nutritional (vitamins, etc.) value of the hnished product. The food industry has developed alternate methods, such as freeze concentration and thermally accelerated short time evaporation (TASTE) [20] for recovery and blending of such labile constiments for producing concentrates. Though they are currently practiced commercially, the final products in some cases do not satisfy the consumer requirement of their fresh or natural qualities. Some of these processes are energy intensive and therefore unattractive. 

Nutritional vitamin supplements containing metals as pharmaceutical formulations need to be analysed for metal content as part of their quality control. The type and concentration of metals in some supplements are designed to function in conjunction with other metals, e.g. calcium works only in conjunction with magnesium and cannot be used effectively in its absence. Pharmaceutical metal supplements offer some improvement in health for certain minor ailments but they do not eliminate disease. 

Note Calcium is an essential component of bones, teeth, shells, and plant structures. It occurs in milk in trace amounts and is necessary in animal and human nutrition. Vitamin D aids in the deposition of calcium in bones. 

Vitamin D and its metabolites play an important role in the maintenance of extracellular calcium concentrations and in normal skeletal structure and mineralization. Vitamin D is necessary for the optimal absorption of calcium and phosphorus. On a worldwide basis, the most common cause of hypocalcemia is nutritional vitamin D deficiency. In malnourished populations, manifestations include rickets and osteomalacia. Nutritional vitamin D deficiency is uncommon in Western societies because of the fortification of miUc with ergocalciferol. " The most common cause of vitamin D deficiency in Western societies is gastrointestinal disease. Gastric surgery, chronic pancreatitis, small-bowel disease, intestinal resection, and bypass surgery are associated with decreased concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites. Vitamin D replacement therapy may need to be administered by the intravenous route if poor oral bioavailability is noted. Decreased production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may occur as a result of a hereditary defect resulting in vitamin D-dependent rickets. It also can occur secondary to chronic renal insufficiency if there is insufficient production of the 1 -a -hydroxylase enzyme for the... 

Nutritional vitamin A deficiency causes xerophthalmia, a progressive disease characterized by night blindness, xerosis (dryness), and keratomalacia (comeal thinning), which may lead to perforation xerophthalmia may be reversed with vitamin A therapy. However, rapid, irreversible blindness ensues once the cornea perforates. Vitamin A also is involved in epithelial differentiation and may have some role in corneal epithelial wound healing. There is no evidence to support using topical vitamin A for keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the absence of a nutritional deficiency. 

At present, nutrient deficiencies, including vitamins, are particularly observed among pregnant women, children and elderly people. The causes of nutritional vitamin deficiencies are a combination of inadequate ingestion, poor absorption, and increased excretion (Morris et al. 2007). For some vitamins in the B group, a clinical deficiency results in a biochemical defect that is manifested as a disease with characteristic symptoms. A deficiency in vitamins B12 and Be rarely occurs alone, but is most commonly seen among people who are deficient in several vitamins in the B complex (Ball 2006). 

One factor that exerts control over RBP secretion from the liver is the nutritional vitamin A (retinol) status of the animal. It is now well established that retinol deficiency specifically blocks the secretion of RBP from the liver so that... 

Nutrition Vitamin Bj2 deficiency has been attributed to topiramate [317 ]. 

Vitamin Bu and Growth. Vitamin B12 is essential for the growth of many animal species and is probably the principal but not necessarily the only component of the animal protein factor (Chapters 9 and 10). Preliminary reports indicate that, under certain conditions of diet and nutrition, vitamin B12 may promote growth in human beings. ... 

There is little doubt that the sjanptoms produced by vitamin K deficiency and by poisoning with Dicumarol and related substances are very similar. In both cases, administered vitamin Ki acts by normalizing the prolonged blood clotting time. Menadiones, however, are only as active as vitamin Ki in nutritional vitamin Ki deficiency and are almost without effect as antidotes to Dicumarol. 

Assuming therefore that only vitamin K substances with a typical side chain, as in vitamin Ki and the forms of vitamin Kj, are active in metabolism, the above-mentioned differences in the biological activity of vitamin Ki and of menadione can be explained. Menadiones, necessary only in very small doses to cure nutritional vitamin K deficiency, may be quantitatively transformed into the active vitamin Ka form. This bio thesis, being limited, however, as described in Section VI, is insufficient to provide the high amount of metabolically active vitamin Kj needed to counteract Dicumarol poisoning. 

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