Comparative pharmacology

The synthesis of dextromethorphan is an outgrowth of early efforts to synthesize the morphine skeleton. /V-Methy1morphinan(40) was synthesized in 1946 (58,59). The 3-hydroxyl and the 3-methoxy analogues were prepared by the same method. Whereas the natural alkaloids of opium are optically active, ie, only one optical isomer can be isolated, synthetic routes to the morphine skeleton provide racemic mixtures, ie, both optical isomers, which can be separated, tested, and compared pharmacologically. In the case of 3-methoxy-/V-methylmorphinan, the levorotatory isomer levorphanol [77-07-6] (levorphan) was found to possess both analgesic and antitussive activity whereas the dextrorotatory isomer, dextromethorphan (39), possessed only antitussive activity. Dextromethorphan, unlike most narcotics, does not depress ciUary activity, secretion of respiratory tract fluid, or respiration. 

Minor Corydalis Alkaloids. The following four alkaloids have been isolated by Manske from various Corydalis species but have not yet been assigned to chemical groups. Cularine has been compared pharmacologically with papaverine and hydrastine, and may prove to be related to one of these alkaloids. 

Simons FE Comparative pharmacology of 62 Hi-antihistamines clinical relevance. Am J Med 2002 113(suppl9A) 38-46. 

Abstract Seventy three coumarinc derivatives were synthesized. The structures of these obtained products were proved on the basis of spectral and analytical data. A comparative pharmacological study showed that these compounds have different anticoagulant and antiinflammatory activities. The most prospective compounds are with enhance activity. 

Mahdihassan, S. Soma in the light of comparative pharmacology, etymology and archaeology. Janus 61 (1974) 91-102. 

Waddington J and Casey D (2000). Comparative pharmacology of classical and novel (second-generation) antipsychotics. In PF Buckley and JL Waddington (eds), Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders (pp. 1-13). Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. 

Dick GM, Kong ID, Sanders KM (1999) Effects of anion channel antagonists in canine colonic myocytes comparative pharmacology of Cl" Ca2+ and K+ currents. Br J Pharmacol 127 1819-1831... 

Table 2 identifies recent studies in the literature that compare pharmacological responses among compounds and models to support pathway mechanism, to investigate similarity or dissimilarity within a class of compounds, and to identify biomarkers. 

Table 2 Recent studies that compare pharmacological responses... 

Damaj MI, Creasy KR, Welch SP, Rosecrans JA, Aceto MD, Martin BR. (1995). Comparative pharmacology of nicotine and ABT-418, a new nicotinic agonist. Psychopharmacoiogy (Berlin). 

In earlier studies, the duplex drugs 5-FdU-NOAC and ara-C-NOAC were found to be strong inhibitors of the cell cycle, mainly arresting tumor cells in the early S-phase (33,46 8). However, with liposome formulations of the duplex drugs cell uptake, intracellular distribution, biodistribution, and metabolism were not yet investigated in details. Due to their similarity to NOAC, it can be assumed that they have comparable pharmacological... 

GK, Hayes AH Jr Atropine, scopolamine and ditran comparative pharmacology and antagonists in man Psychopharmacology (Berlin)2 140-165, 1973. 

Xiao Y, KeUar KJ (2004) The comparative pharmacology and up-regulation of rat neuronal nicotinic receptor subtype binding sites stably expressed in transfected mammahan cells. 1 Pharmacol Exp Ther 10 98-107... 

Yovo, K., Huguet, F Pothier, J., Durand, M. K., Breteau, M. and Narcisse, G. 1984. Comparative pharmacological study of sparteine and its ketonic derivative lupanine from seeds of Lupinus albus L. Planta Medica, 50 420 24. 

Of these various nonsteroidal compounds, the first were fran.y-diethylstilbestrol (DES) (5.31) and its reduced derivative hexestrol (5.33). The way in which these nonsteroidal stilbene (diphenylethylene) derivatives are usually drawn suggests a resemblance to the steroid skeleton. However, this resemblance is purely incidental, since the two ethyl groups are not indispensable for estrogenic activity. For example, four methyl groups will give comparable pharmacological activity. It seems, however, that the... 

Hutchinson, P. J. A., Palmer, R. M. J., and Moncada, S. (1987). Comparative pharmacology of EDRF and nitric oxide on vascular strips. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 141, 445-451. Ignarro, L, J. (1990). Biosynthesis and metabolism of endothelium-derived nitric oxide, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 30, 535-560. 

Adamson RH, Davies DS. Comparative aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. International Encyclopaedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Section 85 (Comparative Pharmacology). Oxford Pergamon Press, 1973 851. 

Narita, M., Nakamura, A., Ozaki, M., Imai, S., Miyoshi, K., Suzuki, M., and Suzuki, T. (2008). Comparative pharmacological profiles of morphine and oxycodone under a neuropathic pain-like state in mice Evidence for less sensitivity to morphine. Neuropsychopharmacology 33,... 

The occurrence, synthesis and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta a high performance liquid chromatographic study. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, C (Comparative Pharmacology), 79 159-64. 

Go RS, Adjei AA. Review of the comparative pharmacology and clinical activity of cisplatin and carboplatin. 

Brock N. 1976. Comparative pharmacologic study in vitm and in vivo with cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), cyclophosphamide metabolites, and plain nitrogen mustard compounds. Cancer Treat Rep 60 301-307. 

Leonard BE. The comparative pharmacology of new antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 1993 54(Suppl.) 3-15. 

RaoGHR, White IG. Comparative pharmacology of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Prost Leuko Med 1985 18 119-131... 

Radomaki, M W., Palmer, R. M. J. and Moncada, S. Comparative pharmacology of endotbdiuin-derived... 

Salas E, Moro MA, Askew S et al (1994) Comparative pharmacology of analogues of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine in platdets. BrJ Pharmacol 112 1071-1076. 

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