Nasal airways

Guilmette, R. A., Wicks, J. D., and Wolff, R. K. (1989). Morphometry of human nasal airways m vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. J. Aerosol Med. 2, 365-377. 

Guilmette RA, Muggenburg BA, Cuddihy RG. 1988. Systemic absorption of americium from the nasal airways of dogs exposed intranasally to americium-241 nitrate and oxide aerosols. Health Phys 54(Suppl. 1) S27. 

Greiff L, Andersson M, Svensson J, Wollmer P, Lundin S, Persson CGA (2002) Absorption across nasal airway mucosa in house dust mite perennial allergic rhinitis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 22 55-57. 

J. L. Lemoine, R. Farley, and L. Huang. Mechanism of efficient transfection on the nasal airway epithelium by hypotonic shock. Gene Ther 12 1275-1282 (2005). 

Harkema JR (1991) Comparative aspects of nasal airway anatomy Relevance to inhalation toxicology. Toxicol Pathol 19(4 Pt l) 321-336. 

Involvement of complement activation in the etiology of the acute byssinotic reaction could explain the pathogenic mechanism of histamine release, non-histamine-mediated bronchoconstriction, chemotaxis, endotoxin and bacterial proteolytic enzyme action. Bronchoconstriction experienced in the acute byssinotic reaction might be attributed to the combined action of C3a and C5a mediated histamine release and non-histamine mediated kinin activity. The presence of PMN in the nasal airways of byssinotics might be explained by the chemotactic action of C5a and the C567 complex. 

Kelly, J.T. and B. Asgharian. 2003. Nasal molds as predictors of fine and coarse particle deposition in rat nasal airways. Inhal. Toxicol. 15 859-875. 

Nasal airways resistance and cytology to inhaled antigen Antiallergics... 

Four nurses who were sterilizing endoscopes with glutaraldehyde developed symptoms of asthma and rhinitis temporally related to exposures to glutaraldehyde. Three of the four nurses, however, had a prior history of mild seasonal asthma." On specific provocation testing, one patient had an increase in nasal airway resistance, with a dual immediate and late response pattern. Another patient had a delayed 22% decline in FEVi 80 minutes after the final exposure to glutaraldehyde. The occurrence of late reactions suggested that the underlying mechanism involved sensitization rather than an irritant effect." ... 

In case of an obstruction of the nasal airways, the swelling should first be reduced and then the patient should apply the anti-inflammatory medication to ensure its necessary distribution over the complete mucosa. Antihistamines in addition to oral therapy may also be applied locally, intranasally or conjunctivally. The combination of all three substance groups (H, antihistamines, topic glucocorticoids and antileukotrienes) as a pretreatment as well as a symptomatic treatment during immunotherapy increases the chances of success of hyposensitization in our experience [unpubl. data]. 

Taylor-Clark T, Foreman J. Histamine-mediated mechanisms in the human nasal airway. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 5 214-220. 

A concentration of 0.4-0.5 ppm for up to 8 h is generally eonsidered a no-adverse-effect level for nose and eye irritation (Anglen, 1981 Rotman et al, 1983 D Alessandro et al., 1996). Nasal airway resistanee and pulmonary peak flow are not affected at 0.5 ppm (Shusterman et al, 1998 Schins et al, 2000). At 1 ppm, some subjects report slight nose, throat, and eye irritation, and transient alterations in pulmonary funetion tests may occur. A concentration of 4 ppm was eonsidered a nuisance level of nose and throat irritation (Joosting and Verberk, 1974). 

Islam, Z., Amuzie, C.J., Harkema, J.R., Pestka, J.J. (2007). Neurotoxicity and inflammation in the nasal airways of mice exposed to the macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin roridin A kinetics and potentiation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide coexposure. Toxicol. Sci. 98 526-41. 

Nacleiio, R.M., Meier, H.L., Kagey-Sobotka, A., Adkinson, N.F., Meyers, D.A., Norman, P.S. and Lichtenstein, L.M. (1983). Mediator release after nasal airway challenge with allergen. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128, 597-602. 

Persson, C.G.A. (1990). Plasma exudation in tracheobronchial and nasal airways a mucosal defence mechanism becomes pathogenic in asthma and rhinitis. Eur. Respir. J. 3 (Suppl. 12), 652s-657s. 

Cheng YS, Holmes TD, Gao J, Guilmette RA, Li S, Surakitbanham Y, et al. Characterization of nasal spray pumps and deposition pattern in a replica of the human nasal airway. J Aerosol Med 2001 14(2) 267-280. 

Lopez-Souza N, Favoreto S, Wong H et al (2009) In vitro susceptibility to rhinovi-rus infection is greater for bronchial than for nasal airway epithelial cells in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123(6) 1384. e2-1390.e2... 

Kepler GM, Joyner DR, Fleishman A, et al. 1995. Method for obtaining accurate geometrical coordinates of nasal airways for computer dosimetry modeling and lesion mapping. Inhal Toxicol 7 1207-1224. 

Shapiro G, Shapiro P. Nasal airway obstruction and facial development. Clin Rev Allergy 1984 2 225-236. 

It is also used as a lubricant and anaesthetic on intra-tracheal catheters, pharyngeal and nasal airways, nasogastric and endoscopic tubes etc. 

Riser N. The hitch-hikers guide to nasal airway patency. Respir Med 1990 84 179-183. 

For aU three of the purposes described above, the precise, digital, interactive, controlled delivery of airborne materials into the nasal airways by solid-state chip-based inkjet dispensing technology is a vital and powerful technique. 

Taylor, G., and Shivalkar, P. R., 1971, Arthus-type reactivity in the nasal airways and skin in pollen sensitive subjects, Clin. Allergy 1 407. 

Respiratory Vasodilatation induced by PDE-5 inhibitors is responsible for common undesired effects, such as headache, flushing, and nasal congestion. The effect of sildenafil on nasal airways has been measured in 11 young normally potent volunteers using a double-blind crossover design Endonasal volume measured with a nasal telescope fell significantly after a dose of sildenafil, as has previously been shown with another technique in a few patients. 

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