Color animal

Acid dyes used for coloring animal fibers via acidified solution (containing sulfuric acid, acetic acid, sodium sulfate, and surfactants) in combination with amphoteric protein. 

Alkenes with many double bonds in a row are colored. Some plant pigments are alkenes of this kind. One example is )S-carotene, which gives carrots their distinctive orange color. Animals break down )S-carotene into vitamin A, which is essential for vision. Xanthin molecules, relatives of j6-carotene that contain oxygen atoms, occur in com, orange juice, and shellfish. The xanthin below makes the flamingo pink. 

Fat is a general term applied to light-colored animal solids that melt at low temperatures. Oil or grease is liquid fat, and the definitions of these materials vary widely. 

The spatial heterogeneity of selenium content in rocks, various soils, and especially the peculiarities of its translocation from soils to plants, lead to the formation of so-called selenium biogeochemical provinces (see Chapter 7 Biogeochemical mapping ). These provinces are characterized by a deficient or excessive concentration of this trace metal in all links of biogeochemical food webs. Selenium deficiency in fodder crops is related to the less than 30 ppm content of this element (Table 8). This leads to myopatia (white colored animal tissues), necrotic degeneration of kidney, exude diathesis. The addition of sodium selenite is used for prevention of these diseases. 

Natiual colorants can be conveniently divided into two categories pigments, which are insoluble solids commonly of mineral origin, and dyes, which are normally used in liquid form and are commonly of organic origin. Pigments are used as paints and to create colored surface treatments, e.g., to paint murals and to decorate pottery dyes are mainly used to color animal and plant fibers. 

Animations Numerous full-color animations illustrating important processes are also provided. Harness the visual impact of concepts in motion by importing these files into classroom presentations or online course materials. 

The salts have been used for centuries to produce brilliant and permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre s and Thenard s blue. A solution of the chloride is used as a sympathetic ink. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals. 

The molecular structures were rendered with good-quality shading on a blue background. Isosurfaces produced from cube files or checkpoint files also looked nice. Molecular vibrations can be animated on screen and vibrational displacement vectors displayed. The vibrational line spectrum may be displayed too, but the user has no control over the axes. There is no way to set the background color. The display can be saved using several image file formats. 

Carotenoids are natural pigments characterized by a tail to tail linkage between two C20 units and an extended conjugated system of double bonds They are the most widely dis tributed of the substances that give color to our world and occur m flowers fruits plants insects and animals It has been estimated that biosynthesis from acetate produces approximately a hundred million tons of carotenoids per year The most familiar carotenoids are lycopene and (3 carotene pigments found m numerous plants and easily isolable from npe tomatoes and carrots respectively... 

Genes are segments of chromosomes. Some of the genes are coded to give each animate species its characteristics (e.g., color and number of eyes, type of hair, muscle), and others are coded to produce the chemicals required for the organism to live (metabolism). 

Animals that do not readily accept pelleted feeds may be enticed to do so if the feed carries an odor that induces ingestion. Color development is an important consideration in aquarium species and some animals produced for human food. External coloration is desired in aquarium species. Pink flesh in cultured salmon is desired by much of the consuming pubHc. Coloration, whether external or of the flesh, can be achieved by incorporating ingredients that contain pigments or by adding extracts or synthetic compounds. One class of additives that imparts color is the carotenoids. 

Nonnutrient Additives. Nonnutritional dietary additives provide antioxidants to preserve freshness, flavor enhancers to stimulate food selection, color to meet the owner s expectations, pellet biaders to minimi2e fine particles, mycostats to minimi2e mold growth, and iagredient-flow enhancers. Pet foods do not iaclude coccidiostats, antibiotics, added hormonal materials, and fly-larval iasecticides used ia other animal feeds. 

The proteinaceous gelatins in the various animal glues were also widely used as paint media, as well as in illuminations. Glues, the traditional media in Oriental painting, remained the prevalent binders for ground layers in European painting long after oils had become virtually the only medium for the color layers. 

Textile dyes were, until the nineteenth century invention of aniline dyes, derived from biological sources plants or animals, eg, insects or, as in the case of the highly prized classical dyestuff Tyrian purple, a shellfish. Some of these natural dyes are so-caUed vat dyes, eg, indigo and Tyrian purple, in which a chemical modification after binding to the fiber results in the intended color. Some others are direct dyes, eg, walnut sheU and safflower, that can be apphed directly to the fiber. The majority, however, are mordant dyes a metal salt precipitated onto the fiber facUitates the binding of the dyestuff Aluminum, iron, and tin salts ate the most common historical mordants. The color of the dyed textile depends on the mordant used for example, cochineal is crimson when mordanted with aluminum, purple with iron, and scarlet with tin (see Dyes AND DYE INTERMEDIATES). 

The most popular natural antioxidants on the market are rosemary extracts and tocopherols. Natural antioxidants have several drawbacks which limit use. Tocopherols are not as effective ia vegetable fats and oils as they are ia animal fats. Herb extracts often impart undesirable colors or flavors ia the products where used. In addition, natural antioxidants cost considerably more than synthetic ones. Despite this, the pubHc s uncertainty of the safety of synthetic antioxidants continues to fuel the demand for natural ones (21). 

In certain brilliantine compositions, vegetable and animal oils are used as substitutes for mineral oil. In these systems, because of their potential for rancidity, antioxidants must be included. Other alternatives to mineral oils that have found utiHty in brilliantines are the polyethylene glycols which come in a variety of solubiHties and spreading properties. Use of these materials offers the advantage of chemical stabiHty to rancidity. Other additives found in brilliantines to improve their aesthetics include colorants, fragrance, medicated additives, lanolin, and fatty acid esters. 

The sacroplasmic proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin are responsible for much of the color in meat. Species vary tremendously in the amount of sacroplasmic proteins within skeletal muscle with catde, sheep, pigs, and poultry Hsted in declining order of sarcoplasmic protein content. Fat is also an important component of meat products. The amount of fat in a portion of meat varies depending on the species, anatomy, and state of nutrition of the animal. The properties of processed meat products are greatiy dependent on the properties of the fat included. Certain species, such as sheep, have a relatively higher proportion of saturated fat, whereas other species, such as poultry, have a relatively lower proportion of saturated fat. It is well known that the characteristic davors of meat from different species are in part determined by their fat composition. 

Bile Pigments. The oxidative degradation of heme yields open-chain tetrapyrrole as a waste product in humans and other higher animals. The yellow color of the skin in jaundice victims is caused by the presence of biluubin [635-65-4] (32, R = (CH2)2COOH). 

To further improve the general safety standards, the Delaney Clause was included in the Pood Additives Amendment of 1958. The Delaney Clause states that no food additive or color additive can be deemed safe if it has been found to induce cancer when ingested by humans or animals (23). The Clause acts as an absolute prohibition on the use of any additive found to cause cancer without any regard for whether, or to what extent, the substance is hazardous to human health. As scientific advances continue, both in the realm of food technology and analysis of previously undetected contaminants, the... 

The quaHty, ie, level of impurities, of the fats and oils used in the manufacture of soap is important in the production of commercial products. Fats and oils are isolated from various animal and vegetable sources and contain different intrinsic impurities. These impurities may include hydrolysis products of the triglyceride, eg, fatty acid and mono/diglycerides proteinaceous materials and particulate dirt, eg, bone meal and various vitamins, pigments, phosphatides, and sterols, ie, cholesterol and tocopherol as weU as less descript odor and color bodies. These impurities affect the physical properties such as odor and color of the fats and oils and can cause additional degradation of the fats and oils upon storage. For commercial soaps, it is desirable to keep these impurities at the absolute minimum for both storage stabiHty and finished product quaHty considerations. 

---