Background color

The molecular structures were rendered with good-quality shading on a blue background. Isosurfaces produced from cube files or checkpoint files also looked nice. Molecular vibrations can be animated on screen and vibrational displacement vectors displayed. The vibrational line spectrum may be displayed too, but the user has no control over the axes. There is no way to set the background color. The display can be saved using several image file formats. 

Note Aldoses other than glucose can also be used e.g. arabinose [1], xylose [2, 3, 7] or ribose [4]. The background color is least on cellulose layers when cellulose acetate, aluminium oxide 150, silica gel, RP, NH2 or polyamide layers are employed the background is a more or less intense ochre. The detection limit of carboxylic acids on cellulose layers is ca. 0.5 pg substance per chromatogram zone. 

Note Phosphoric acid [8] and hydrochloric acid [6, 9] have both been suggested in the literature as substitutes for phthalic acid. The addition of sodium dithionite [9] is also occasionally mentioned and sometimes no additives are employed [10]. The alternative reagents offer no advantages over the phthalic acid containing reagent since they usually cause more background coloration. The limits of detection are about 0.1 —0.5 pg per chromatogram zone [5]. 

Note The background color depends on the pH of the layer, it is, therefore, affected by the efficiency of removal of acidic mobile phase components before staining. 

The chromatogram is freed from mobile phase in a stream of warm air, dipped in dipping solution I for 3 s, then heated to 120°C for 5 —10 min, cooled to room temperature and then immersed in dipping solution II for 3 s. The final drying of the chromatogram should take place in a stream of cold air in order to avoid strong background coloration. 

Note Traces of ammonia left by the mobile phase should be completely removed from the chromatograms before the reagent is applied in order to avoid strong background coloration. The dipping solutions may also be applied as spray solutions. Secondary amines, amides, pyrimidines and purines do not react with the reagent [1]. In the case of benzodiazepines only those substances react which... 

Note The reaction for barbiturates according to variant I is increased in sensitivity if the chromatogram is exposed to direct sunlight or UV light after it has been sprayed this causes the background coloration to fade almost completely and the blue zones stand out more distinctly [4]. 

Note The background coloration could be avoided if the dipped chromatogram was stored in a chamber first over streaming moist nitrogen gas for 15 min and... 

The reaction was not particularly sensitive on paraffin-impregnated kieselguhr layers because of background coloration. For quantitation it was better to use the five-fold more sensitive rhodamine 6G reagent (q.v.). 

However, the starch solution should not be omitted completely since the color difference between the chromatogram zones, in which the iodine is reduced to colorless iodide according to the iodine azide reaction mentioned above, and the background colored brown by unreacted iodine is considerably less than the difference in color between the deep blue background provided by the starch-iodine clathrate complex and the pale chromatogram zones. 

The sensitivity that is achievable in staining is determined by (1) the amount of stain that binds to the proteins, (2) the intensity of the coloration, and (3) the difference in coloration between stained proteins and the residual, background coloration in the body of the gel (signal-to-noise ratio). With all of the common stains, unbound stain molecules can be washed out of the bodies of the gels without removing much stain from the proteins. 

Figure 2 shows a global alignment of selected thionin sequences. The background color for a given residue indicates the degree of conservation of that residue in a particular position in the sequence. It is clear that thionins are highly conserved over different species. Based on their conserved sequences and similar three-dimensional structures it is reasonable to assume a common mode of action for all thionins. 

Use a white background, not a gray or colored background. (Colored backgrounds may be used in posters to add visual appeal.) Remove horizontal and vertical gridlines unless they... 

Select the display that you prefer to use. For most traces shown in this text, we will show the Probe window in full screen. Note also that your probe screen will have a black background. To make the screen captures more readable, the background color of the probe screen has been changed to white for the remainder of this book. This was accomplished by modifying the [PROBE DISPLAY COLORS] section of the pspipce.ini file located in the OrcadLite/PSpice directory. 

Various labels according to the class have been prescribed for each class of dangerous substances and are given in Figure 6.2. The labels prescribed for a particular class of dangerous substances have characteristic background color which are as follows ... 

For Coomassie dye staining, allow the slab to soak for about 30 minutes. Remove the dye solution by decanting and cover the gel with destaging solution. Replace the destaining solution with fresh solution about every 4-6 hours until background color is removed. The destaining procedure may require several days. Proteins will show up as dark blue bands on a nearly colorless background. 

The quickest method for finding the answer is to use the counting principle. Simply multiply the number of possibilities from the first category (six background colors) by the number of possibilities from the second category (eight school name colors) ... 

Hair dyes must meet a number of conditions related to their end use. Color can be assessed by colorimetry [49], The limits of precision are set by the substrate on which the measurement is performed. Studies on test subjects are difficult because of the uneven natural hair color and the background color of the scalp. Tresses are hard to prepare at a constant quality level. Measurements on wool cloth give reproducible results, but for oxidation dyes the shades are not identical to those produced on hair. Colorimetric methods are therefore useful only for comparative measurements on the same object, for example, in lightfastness tests. Because hair must be redyed after four to six weeks due to growth, the fastness required of hair dyes is generally less than that needed for textiles. However, stability is still a problem with many indo dyes (see Section 5.4.3). Some of them... 

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