Colon metastases

Stein U, Arlt F, Walther W et al (2006) The metastasis-associated gene S100A4 is a novel target of p-catenin/ T-cell factor signaling in colon cancer. Gastroenterology 131 1486-1500... 

This interceptor theory does not seem to be the only protective mechanism in operation. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes related to the bioactivation of mutagens and toxic radical scavenger activities have been proposed to integrate the different modes of action. Other investigations have reported the involvement of chlorophyUin in inducing apoptosis in human colon cells, which may be important in limiting cancer cell invasion and metastasis. ... 

Li A, Varney ML, Singh RK. Constitutive expression of growth regulated oncogene (gro) in human colon carcinoma cells with different metastatic potential and its role in regulating their metastatic potential. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004 21 571-579. 

Shimma S, Sugiura Y, Hayasaka T, et al. MALDI-based imaging mass spectrometry revealed abnormal distribution of phospholipids in colon cancer liver metastasis. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2007 855 98-103. 

Shimma S, Setou M. Mass microscopy revealed the distinct localization of heme B(m/z 616) in colon cancer liver metastasis. J. Mass. Spectrom. Soc. Jpn. 2007 55 145-148. 

Wu, W. et ah, Involvement of TNF-alpha in enhancement of invasion and metastasis of colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells in mice by social isolation stress, Oncol. Res., 11, 461, 1999. 

In humans, also, preferential sites exist for the formation of metastasis from various primary tumors [reviewed in Zetter (Zl)]. Thus, bone is a preferred site for metastasis from primary malignancies in breast, prostate, and kidney, while liver is a frequent metastatic site for tumors originating in the colon. Different types of leukemias vary widely in their ability to spread to liver, lymph, bone, and spleen. Some organs, however, are rarely colonized by metastatic growth. These resistant sites include skeletal muscle, heart, and skin. 

Ewing s hypothesis may explain certain patterns of metastasis observed in humans, such as the colonization of regional lymph nodes from some primary cancer in humans. There are, however, human cancers that form distant metastases in a variety of organs without any evidence of local lymph node involvement. 

Administration of Certain Proteases to Animals Enhances Metastasis. Administration of specific proteases to animals has been found to stimulate the production of metastasis. For example, in rabbits, administration of uPA has been found to enhance the metastasis of V2 carcinomas (K11), while in mice, exogenous uPA increased pulmonary metastasis from Lewis lung carcinomas (Tl). Also, infusion of thrombin into syngenic mice stimulated pulmonary metastasis from both colon carcinoma cells and melanoma cells (N5). This enhanced formation of metastasis in the presence of thrombin may result from increased tumor cell-platelet interaction in the presence of the protease (N5). 

N3. Nicolson, G. L., Cancer metastasis, organ colonization and cell surface properties of malignant cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 695, 113-176 (1982). 

Li X, Mikkelsen IM, Mortensen B, Winberg JO, Huseby NE. (2004) Butyrate reduces liver metastasis of rat colon carcinoma cells in vivo and resistance to oxidative stress in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis 21 331-338. 

Weak cytotoxicity against human cancer cells, KB and LoVo (colon adenocarcinoma), after treatment with microcarpalide 1, was also observed with the IC50 values of 50 Xg/mL and 90 Xg/mL, respectively. The ability of microcarpalide I (59) to disrupt microfilaments at subcytotoxic concentrations suggests its usefulness for future cell motility and metastasis studies, since other known microfilament disrupting agents such as cytochalasins are cytotoxic at biologically active concentrations. 

Nielsen BS, Jorgensen S, Fog JU et al (2011) High levels of microRNA-21 in the stroma of colorectal cancers predict short disease-fi ee smvival in stage 11 colon cancer patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 28 27-38... 

Shaheen RM, Davis DW, Liu W, et al. Antiangiogenic therapy targeting the tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibits the growth of colon cancer liver metastasis and induces tumor and endothelial cell apoptosis. Cancer Res 1999 59(21) 5412-5416. 

B16 melanoma, Walker sarcoma, and M5076 forming liver metastasis have been used in the preclinical evaluation of HPMA copolymer-adriamydn conjugates [36]. Other tumors useful for secondary screening are MS-2 sarcoma, NMU-1 murine lung adenocarcinoma, and murine adenocarcinoma Colon 26. These have been used by Zunino et al. [147] to determine the activity of poly (carboxylic acid) immobilized anthracyclines. Mice inoculated intramuscularly with Lewis lung carcinoma have been used by Pratesi et al. [215] to assess the effect of a poly-L-aspartic acid/doxorubicin conjugate. 

We investigated the relevance of S100A4 to clinical cancer in several archival colon cancer specimens, without metastasis at the time of surgery (Stein et al.,... 

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