Local lymph node

When invading microorganisms have crossed the epithelial barriers they will almost certainly be taken up, with lymph, in the lymphatic ducts and be delivered to the filtration and immrme systems of the local lymph nodes. Sometimes this serves to spread infections... 

Reduced local lymph node assay (rLLNA) for skin sensitization EU, US... 

Kimber, I. and Weisenberger, C., A murine local lymph node assay for the identification of contact allergens. Assay development and results of an initial validation study, Arch. Toxicol., 63, 274, 1989. 

Kimber, I. et al., The local lymph node assay past, present and future, Contact Dermatitis, 47, 315, 2002. 

Sailstad, D.M. et al., ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay. I. The ICCVAM review process, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 34, 249, 2001. 

OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals 429 Skin Sensitisation Local Lymph Node Assay. Adopted April 24, 2002). 

The most important advance in ACD testing has been the development of the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Although the general concept originated in the 1960s,... 

Kimber, I., Hilton, J. and Botam, P. A., Identification of contact allergens using the murine local lymph node assay comparison with the Buehler occluded patch test in guinea pigs, J. ofAppl. Toxicol., 10, 173, 1990. 

Finally, multiparameter flow cytometry has the potential to improve existing methodologies for the evaluation of immunotoxicological endpoints such as the natural killer cell (NK) assay and the local lymph node assay (LLNA) to evaluate innate immunity and chemical-induced allergic disease. Accepted methodologies typically utilize radio-... 

Kanikkannan, N., et al., Evaluation of skin sensitization potential of jet fuels by murine local lymph node assay, Toxicol. Lett., 116, 165, 2000. 

A major drawback of the PLNA and other local lymph node approaches for drug testing is that the route of exposure is irrelevant, as most drugs are taken orally. However, it was recently reported that oral exposure to D-penicillamine, diclofenac or nevirapine... 

NIEHS, Interagency Coordinating Committee for Validation of Alternative Methods (IC-CVAM) Peer Review Panel Evaluation of the Murine Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) Report, 1999. 

Gerberick, G.F., Ryan, C.A., Kern, P.S., Schlatter, H., Dearman, R.J., Kimber, I., Patle-wicz, G.Y., and Basketter, D.A., Compilation of historical local lymph node data for the evaluation of skin sensitization alternatives. Dermatitis, 16, 157-202, 2005. 

Basketter, D.A., Gerberick, G.F., and Kimber, I., Skin sensitisation, vehicle effects and, the local lymph node assay. Food Chem. Toxicol., 39, 621, 2001. 

Warbrick, E.V., et al., Influence of application vehicle on skin sensitization to methylchlo-rothiazolinone/isothiazolinone An analysis using the local lymph node assay. Contact Dermatitis, 41, 325, 1999. 

Wright, Z.M., et al., Vehicle effects on the skin sensitizing potency of four chemicals assessment using the local lymph node assay. Ini. J. Cosmetic Sci., 23, 75. 

Basketter, D.A., et al., Use of the local lymph node assay for the estimation of relative contact allergenic potency. Contact Dermatitis, 42, 344, 2000. 

Gerberick, G.F., et al., Contact allergenic potency correlation of human and local lymph node assay data. Am. J. Contact Dermat., 12, 156, 2001. 

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