Abnormal distributions

In PIH, there appears to be an increase in melanin production and/or an abnormal distribution of pigment. However, the exact pathophysiology linking cutaneous inflammation and altered pigmentation is not fully understood. Different stimuli may involve different mechanisms [5,6]. 

Shimma S, Sugiura Y, Hayasaka T, et al. MALDI-based imaging mass spectrometry revealed abnormal distribution of phospholipids in colon cancer liver metastasis. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2007 855 98-103. 

Cataldo AM, Paskevich PA, Kominami E, et al Lysosomal hydrolases of different classes are abnormally distributed in brains of patients with Alzheimer s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 10998-11002, 1991... 

Field desorption analysis therefore offers an opportunity to survey biological extracts for abnormal distributions of these compounds without necessitating extensive chemical workup. 

Steinfeld S, Cogan E, King LS, Agre P, Kiss R, Delporte C. 2001. Abnormal distribution of aquaporin-5 water channel protein in salivary glands from Sjorgren s syndrome patients. Lab Invest 81 143-148. 

Song, Y. W., Han, C.-W., Kang, S.-W., Baek, H.-J., Lee, E.-B., etal., Abnormal distribution of the Fcy receptor type Ha polymorphisms in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 412-426 (1998). 

Once the existence of this abnormal distribution of buffer salts is realized, it becomes easy to see why ionic strength is unmeasurable and variable during the run. It is also easy to see that changes in ionic strength with unaltered pH foreshadow the appearance of pH changes which, when they occur, ruin the experiment. 

Wolff V, Saint Maurice JP, Ducros A et al (2002) Akinetic mutism and anterior bicerebral infarction due to abnormal distribution of the anterior cerebral artery. Rev Neurol (Paris) 158 377-380... 

The principal measure taken is the animal s latency to cross to the dark compartment at T2. This score provides an estimate of the animal s retention of the shock received at Tl. The latencies measured at T2 have a 180 second cut-off. The scores in the control group are therefore abnormally distributed because of the presence of numerous ceiling scores. It is therefore essential to apply non-parametric statistics, for example the Mann-Whitney U-test, to analyze the data. 

Abnormalities in the actin cytoskeleton, including decreased actin stress fibers and altered response to depolymerizing agents were also observed in Lowe patients (Suchy and Nussbaum, 2002). Two actin-binding proteins, gel-solin and alpha-actinin, which are regulated by both PIP2 and Ca2+ were found to be abnormally distributed. Actin polymerization plays a key role in cell -cell contacts, which may be defective in Lowe syndrome. 

Iron deficiency and iron overload are the major disorders of iron metabolism. There are, in addition, many diseases in which abnormal distribution of iron may play primary or secondary roles. Included are such disorders as hyperfer-ritinemia with cataracts, aceruloplasminemia, GRACILE syndrome, neuroferritinopathy, atransferrinemia, and possibly neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinsonism, Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome, and Alzheimer s disease. These latter disorders will not be discussed further here. 

The determination of the radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals by ITLC requires an experienced operator to produce accurate results. Quality control should be performed daily and not on demand, when abnormal distribution or poor image quality is reported. 

Damage to cells or clumping as a result of the labeling procedure will produce an abnormal distribution of " Tc-labeled leukocytes (see Chap. 8). 

These are both instances of what is known as active transport. Care must be taken to distinguish true active transport from certain other effects. For example, the concentration of Mg ions is much greater in most cells than in the surrounding fluid, This does not imply active transport, since the Mg " ions are strongly bound in the cells, a process which reduces the effective concentration of the ions and so disturbs the equilibrium. Another effect which can give a false impression of active transport is the Donnan equilibrium discussed in Section 7.6. We saw there that there can be an abnormal distribution of ions across a membrane because of the presence of large cations or anions to which the membrane is impermeable. 

Interesting examples of diffusion and active transport are provided by the distributions of ions across membranes in living systems. For example, ions show an abnormal distribution across the membranes of nerve fibers, the concentrations being more than ten times as high within the fiber as compared with outside. This behavior cannot be accounted for by the binding of the ions or by the establishment of the Donnan equilibrium there must be active transport, i.e., a mechanism by whifeh ions are pumped into the cell and by which ions are pumped out. 

SNIF-NMR is a powerful method for the authentication analysis of benzaldehyde products. However, manufacturing processes may cause the deuterium to shift on the carbonyl site. In some cases, the current SNIF NMR method cannot differentiate abnormal distribution of deuterium caused by adulteration or by production processes that lead to false negative or false positive conclusions of a product. Deuterium on the aromatic sites of benzaldehyde is more stable and is not affected by the known manufacturing processes. The aromatic deuterium distribution is very specific and can be used to classify benzaldehyde products from fossil or different botanical origins. The proposed improvement needs to be further developed and validated. 

In Mexico, Villalpando et al. (2003) mentioned that information from the 1999 Mexican National Nutrition Survey showed that iodine deficiency prevalence was negligible in both women and children. They also emphasized that abnormal distribution results were so scattered that no observation could be made regarding geographical distribution. On the contrary, in the same survey, ID in preschoolers between 12 and 24 months was as high as 67%, 50% of which were anemia related, whereas in schoolchildren it was around 35%. 

K25. Kint, J. A., Dacremont, G., and Carton, D., Abnormal distribution of lysosomal isoenzymes in mucopolysaccharidosis. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 80, 972-973 (1972). 

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