Primary cancer

Now that 80% or more of children survive their primary cancers, the incidence of secondary neoplasms may increase. Recognizing this potential, many treatment regimens for children are being modified appropriately to reduce exposure to alkylators, topoisomerase inhibitors, and radiation. Late effects clinics screen for secondary malignancies and other disease and treatment-related disabilities that accompany childhood cancer. Similar screening and educational opportunities are not currently established in adult survivors. 

Adjuvant chemotherapy Chemotherapy given after the primary cancer treatment, designed to eliminate any remaining cancer cells that are undetectable with the goal of improving survival. 

Andersson M, Storm HH, Mouridsen HT(1991) Incidence of new primary cancers after adjuvant tamoxifen therapy and radiotherapy for early breast cancer. J Nad Cancer Inst 83 1013-1017... 

Fornander T, Rutqvist LE, Cedermark B, Glas U, Mattsson A, Silfversward C, et al. (1989) Adjuvant tamoxifen in early breast cancer occurrence of new primary cancers. Lancet 1 (8630) 117—120... 

Ewing s hypothesis may explain certain patterns of metastasis observed in humans, such as the colonization of regional lymph nodes from some primary cancer in humans. There are, however, human cancers that form distant metastases in a variety of organs without any evidence of local lymph node involvement. 

Since certain proteases are directly involved in cancer invasion and metastasis, levels of these proteases in primary cancers should be strong markers of metastatic potential or poor patient outcome. 

Swerdlow AJ, Douglas AJ, Vaughan Hudson G, et al. Risk of second primary cancers after Hodgkin s disease by type of treatment analysis of2846 patients in the British National Lymphoma Investigation. BMJ 1992 304 1137-43. 

A diethylstilbestrol-exposed woman developed concurrent primary cancers of both the vagina and the endometrium at the age of 39 (40). 

Blumberg BS (1997) Hepatitis B vims, the vaccine, and the control of primary cancer of the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94 7121-7125. 

Another method to increase the number of metals associated with each macromolecule is to attach them, in a chelated form, to a carrier molecule with many sites of attachment. An example of this can be found in the work of Meade [29], His group has synthesized a fi-cyclodcxtrin from which seven Gd-DOTA complexes were attached using highly efficient click chemistry. The contrast agent was observed to accumulate in primary cancers but then localize in secondary metastases over the subsequent 48 hours. This is a particularly valuable property as one of the main problems with cancer treatment is the inability to detect these small secondary tumours in their early stages. 

To verify that the K+ channels expressed in tumor cell fines are also present in primary cancerous tissues. To date, a vast majority of published studies concerning K+ channels in tumor cells are from the experimental data with cell fines. Whether these K+ channels are also present in cells from the primary cancerous tissues remains yet to be rigorously verified. Although a few reports indeed have demonstrated expression or overexpression or enhanced activities of K+ channels in real tumors, more convincing data are needed. 

The two primary cancer classification schemes are those of the EPA and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The EPA and IARC classification systems are quite similar. 

Incidence of second cancers in patients treated for primary cancer can be as high as 15 times the normal rate. The use of immunosuppression in, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and organ transplants, also increases the incidence of cancers. 

Weiss SR, McFarland BH, Burkhart GA, Ho PT. Cancer recurrences and secondary primary cancers after use of antihistamines or antidepressants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998 63(5) 594-9. 

Iwamoto KS, Miznno T, Knrata A, Masuzawa M, Mori T, Seyama T. Mnltiple, nniqne, and common p53 mntations in a Thorotrast recipient with font primary cancers. Hnm Pathol 1998 29(4) 412-16. 

Brown 1987b). Additionally, one of the two liver cancers was not a primary carcinoma as it metastasized from another site (unknown). If the metastatic liver cancer is not included in the analysis, the SMR for liver and biliary tract cancer in the whole cohort loses statistical significance (SMR=210, p 0.05) (Nicholson and Landrigan 1994). Other findings included a slight increase in rectal cancer in the first study, but not in the follow-up (see Section 3.2.8.2.3). Limitations of these studies include small number of deaths, relatively short periods of observation, and possible misclassification of the cause of death because it is not clear in every case if death was due to primary cancer of the liver, biliary tract, or gall bladder. 

Oncogenes in Different Cancers 5.4.1. Multiple Primary Cancer... 

Jereczek-Fossa BA, Jassem J, Orecchia R. Cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown primary. Cancer Treat Rev. 2004 30 153-164. 

Zhang MQ, El-Mofty SK, Davila RM. Detection of human papillomavirus-related squamous cell carcinoma cytologically and by in situ hybridization in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of cervical metastasis a tool for identifying the site of an occult head and neck primary. Cancer. 2008 114(2) 118-123. 

Babolini G, Blasi A. The pleural form of primary cancer of the lung. Dis of Chest. 1956 29 314-323. 

Soliman PT, Broaddus RR, Schmeler KM, et al. Women with synchronous primary cancers of the endometrium and ovary Do they have Lynch syndrome J Clin Oncol. 2005 23 9344-9350. 

Radioactive Strontium. The only respiratory effects reported for the study in which beagle dogs were exposed to soluble aerosols of 90SrCl2 (Boecker et al. 1969 Gillett et al. 1987b) were late primary cancers of the respiratory tract or tumors metastasizing to the lung. These effects are discussed in Section 3.2.1.7 Cancer. 

As for the effectiveness of microsatelhte markers, in a set of tests on nrine samples, over 90% of bladder tnmors were fonnd. And as telomerase is expressed selectively in almost all primary cancers, it is viewed as a promising molecnlar marker for detecting cancer. 

Surgery has long had the reputation for sometimes causing the cancer to metastasize or spread, and it now turns out that radiation and chemotherapy are also suspect, either causing new or secondary cancers, or the primary cancer to reappear more aggressively and virulently than before. 

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