Cold stress injuries

Cold stress, that is cooling the whole body or parts of the body, results in discomfort, sensory impairments, neuromuscular impairments, and cold injury. Table 22.8 shows the physiological and psychological reactions to core body temperatures of 37° to 25°C. 

Ikeda, 1. (1982). Freezing injury and protection of citrus in Japan. In Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress, vol. 2, ed. P.H. Li A. Sakai, pp. 575-89. London Academic Press. 

Palta, J. P., Jensen, K. G., Li, P. H. 1982. Cell membrane alterations following a slow freeze thaw cycle ion leakage, injury and recovery. In Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress. Vol 2. Li, P. H., Sakai, A. (eds.). Academic Press, New York, pp. 221-242. 

Besides HS, selective plant Hsps are induced in response to different abiotic stresses such as heavy-metal stress, water stress, wounding stress, salt stress, cold shock, and anoxia stress. Plants, in general, survive lethal temperature stress more efficiently after prior exposure to a mild stress as against a direct response to lethal stress. This phenomenon is termed acquired thermotolerance [103]. Hsp are believed to be important for the protection of cells against heat injury both in basal thermotolerance (i.e., thermotolerance shown without prior heat shock) as well as in acquired thermotolerance responses. 

A risk factor is defined as an attribute or exposure that increases the probability of a disease or disorder (Putz-Anderson, 1988). Biomechanical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders include repetitive and sustained exertions, awkward postures, and application of high mechanical forces. Vibration and cold environments may also accelerate the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Typical tools that can be used to identify the potential for development of musculoskeletal disorders include conducting work-methods analyses and checklists designed to itemize undesirable work site conditions or worker activities that contribute to injury. Since most of manual work requires the active use of the arms and hands, the structures of the upper extremities are particularly vulnerable to soft tissue injury. WUEDs are typically associated with repetitive manual tasks with forceful exertions, such as those performed at assembly lines, or when using hand tools, computer keyboards and other devices, or operating machinery. These tasks impose repeated stresses to the upper body, that is, the muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerve tissues, and neurovascular structures. There are three basic types of WRDs to the upper extremity tendon disorder (such as tendonitis), nerve disorder (such as carpal tunnel syndrome), and neurovascular disorder (such as thoracic outlet syndrome or vibration-Raynaud s syndrome). The main biomechanical risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders are presented in Table 22. 

A potential injury source arising from exposure to a machine, equipment, or a process system that contains sharp surfaces, sharp projections, heat, or extreme cold. Contact Stress... 

A wound is defined as a breakdown in the protective function of the skin with or without loss of underlying coimective tissue like muscle, bone or nerves (locono et al., 1998). The injury of the skin or underlying tissue may be due to surgery or caused by cuts, chemicals, temperature (heat or coldness) or pressure stress beyond what the protective function of the skin can handle. The skin s ability to endure different stressors can be lowered due to disease, for example, the skin s ability to stand pressure typically is affected by disease-related local ischemia (Robson et al., 2001). 

Nonfreezing low temperature stress on phenolics metabolism has been considered in several papers. These studies have shown that the phenolic metabolism is enhanced under chill stress and that the behavior of the same metabolism is further dependent on the storage temperature. There is a low critical temperature below which an increase of phenolic metabolism is stimulated, and this temperature is related to the threshold temperature at which chilling injury is also induced. It has been also observed that the low temperarnre effect involves a cold-induced stimulatimi of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) as well as other enzymes important in the... 

ADVICE TO ALL ARTHRITICS. Evidence exists that different forms of arthritis may result from overwork, allergy, exposure to extreme cold conditions, accidents, injuries, infections, diseases, malnutrition and/or severe mental stress. However, none of these causes has been fully documented. Therefore, the specific cause of most forms of arthritis is presently unknown. It is also known that administration or calcium, vitamins A, C, D, E, K, and/or the B-complex vitamins does not uniformly alter arthritic symptoms or the course of the disorder. 

Stress and Trauma. Many types of stresses and traumas (the term used for sudden shocks, injuries, or wounds to the body) may alter various aspects of mineral metabolism. The reactions of the body to various types of stresses and traumas are similar because (1) such stresses as the deprivation of food or water, extremes of heat or cold, or emotional upsets may damage the body tissues in ways which are similar to the effects of trauma and (2) most traumas provoke substantial increases in the secretion of stress hormones by the pituitary and adrenal glands. The prolonged secretion of abnormally high levels of stress hormones may lead to excessive losses of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and zinc in the urine. Usually, such conditions are accompanied by greater than normal... 

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