Thermalized state

The thermal state of the melt in the extruder is frequently compared with two ideal thermodynamic states. One is where the process may be regarded as... 

Both primary factors and lesser secondary factors affect our sense of satisfac tion with the thermal environment. The primaiy factors have significant reproducible effects and directly affect heat transfer and the occupant s thermal state, Secondar factors that may affect one s sense of satisfaction with a space are conditions such as color and ambiance, local climate, age, physical fitness, sound, food, and illness. These secondary factors have smaller to negligible effects on one s thermal state and will not be discussed here, but such information is available. ... 

Existing methods for evaluation of the general thermal state of the body, both in comfort and under heat or cold stress, are based on an analysis of the heat balance for the human body ... 

Aside from the general thermal state of the body, a person may find the thermal environment unacceptable or intolerable if local influences on the body from asymmetric radiation, air velocities, vertical air temperature differences, or contact with hot or cold surfaces (floors, machinery, tools, etc.) are experienced. 

Thermal state of the body as a whole Local discomfort ... 

The effect of the heat losses to the inlet on the thermal states of the micro-channel depends mainly on the meniscus position, which is determined by the flow parameters. To characterize this effect, the coefficient of efficiency is introduced it may be defined as the ratio of the energy expended to the liquid vaporization and the total energy supplied to the micro-channel. 

Some injection moulding machines are designed according to the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) principle. The material first plasticised is also the first material to be injected so that the thermal state of the entire shot volume is identical. 

Hence we introduce a thermal state 0(/3)) if the degrees of freedom are doubled. Let us explore some preliminary, but not the least, consequences of what we have just introduced, analysing the case of bosons. 

It should be noticed that a((3) and a((3) satisfy the same algebraic relation as those given in Eq. (3), and also that a(/3) 0(/ )) = a(j3) 0(/ )) = 0. Then the thermal state 0(/3)) is a vacuum for a((3) and a(/3) (otherwise, 0,0) is the vacuum for the operators a and a). As a result, the thermal vacuum average of a non-thermal operator is equivalent to the Gibbs canonical average in statistical physics. As a consequence, the thermal problem can be treated by a Bogoliubov transformation, such that the thermal state describes a condensate with the mathematical characteristics of a pure state. 

Takahashi and Umezawa introduced thermofield dynamics (TFD), a canonical formalism, for finite temperature theory (Y. Takahashi et.al., 1975 1996 1982 1993). TFD keeps the analogy with the zero-temperature field theory by describing thermal state, a mixed state, as a thermal... 

Let us now consider the crystal MO. If the diffusion takes place by migration of cationic vacancies, the number of atoms that undergo the process depends on the vacancy concentration [Vm] and the thermal state of single atoms M (the jump takes place only whenever atom M in the neighborhood of the vacancy has sufficient energy to perform it). The diffusion coefficient associated with the vacancy migration process is given by... 

The liquid-vapor transition for H2O involves quite high evaporation enthalpy, which controls the thermal state of the system. 

Recently, the concept of thermal entanglement was introduced and studied within one-dimensional spin systems [64-66]. The state of the system described by the Hamiltonian H at thermal equilibrium is p T) = exp —H/kT)/Z, where Z = Tr[exp(—7//feT)] is the partition function and k is Boltzmann s constant. As p T) represents a thermal state, the entanglement in the state is called the thermal entanglement [64]. 

The zero-temperature calculations of the previous section Section, the XY model with impurities, represent a highly idealized situation however, it is unclear whether they have any relevance to the system at nonzero temperature. Since the properties of a quantum system for low temperatures are strongly influenced by nearby quantum critical points, it is tempting to attribute the effect of nearby critical points to persistent mixed-state entanglement in the thermal state. 

Figure 1. The vacuum or coherent states are denoted by V, C the n-photon or thermalized states by N, T the asymmetric states by A the squeezed states by S, PS.

However, if the initial state is a thermal state, such as the canonical den-sity matrix p - (1/Z)exp(- 3//), the autocorrelation is no longer given by a single quantum amplitude but becomes a sum of quantum amplitudes in which quantum phases are randomized. In the classical limit ft - 0, the leading expression becomes the purely classical autocorrelation function with the dynamics being ruled by the classical Liouvillian operator ci = Hci> ... 

TEMPERATURE. The thermal state of a body, considered, with reference to its ability to communicate heat to other bodies (J. C. Maxwell). There is a distinction between temperature and heat, as is evidenced by Helmholtz s definition of heat, [energy that is transferred from one body to another by a thermal process), whereby a thermal process is meant radiation, conduction, and/or convection. 

Since the relaxation time of combustion in the gas is very small, we are justified in considering that combustion in the gas at each moment is determined by the thermal state of the nearest thin layer of the c-phase to the interface the temperature distribution in deeper layers does not exert direct influence on the process occurring at the surface. Conditions in the gas must be completely determined by the instantaneous value of the surface temperature and the temperature gradient in the c-phase near the surface. For this latter we introduce the abbreviated notation... 

Important operational factors include vehicle weight, road gradient, vehicle load and the use of auxiliary equipment such as air conditioning, the thermal state of the engine and exhaust emission-control system, and the way in which a vehicle is driven (e.g. speed, or the so-called dynamics of driving). 

The same phenomenology must be important locally on Earth, too, where thick evaporite deposits of hydrated salts and local thick beds of methane clathrate in permafrost or seafloor sediments should influence the thermal environment of the crust. The predicted control on the crust s thermal state by hydrate deposits should have consequences for the localization of hydrothermal springs around and within evaporite basins, hydrothermal metamorphism... 

Kargel JS, Head JW III, Hogenboom DL, Khurana KK, Marion GM (2001) The system sulfuric acid-magnesium sulfate-water Europa s ocean properties related to thermal state. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXII, Houston TX. Abstract 2138... 

Prieto-Ballesteros O, Kargel JS (2005) Thermal state and complex geology of a heterogeneous salty crust of Jupiter s satellite, Europa. Icarus 173 212-221... 

Figure 2,6 The g-Iine and its implications, (a) The 5-line as a (unction of the thermal state of the feed (6) effect of q on stripping section component balance line at censtant reflux ratio.

Guiding column optimization, and showing the effects of changing feed or product composition, thermal state of the feed, use of side draws, multifeed arrangements, etc. 

The analysis also did not take into account the thermal state of the feed. In most situations, the thermal state can be optimized separately before the product recovery and separation are optimized. If the thermal state optimization leads to the conclusion that preheating or precooling is unjustified, and the thermal state is likely to vary (e.g., feed coming in from a reactor), fluctuations in this thermal state need to be taken into account in the product specs and recovery optimization. 

The reduction in efficiency depends on the relationships between the component balance lines and equilibrium curve of the x-y diagram. This makes it a function of factors such as reflux ratio, product purity, location of the fsed point, thermal state of the fsed, relative volatility, and shape of the equilibrium curve. 

Case 2 predicts realistic NO levels for this example. Without these hydrocarbon fragments included, the NO level is two orders of magnitude too low. This example demonstrates the extreme sensitivity of the N0X emissions prediction to hydrocarbon-NOx interactions among species which do not affect the thermal state of the combustion or the major, stable products of combustion and suggests that such interactions require further investigation. 

Quasiglobal kinetics models, which have previously been shown to represent lean and stoichiometric combustion of a variety of hydrocarbon fuels, have been extended to represent lean and rich combustion of toluene and iso-octane. The model predicts the thermal state of the flow and emissions of CO, soot, and N0X. The thermal state of the flow and the stable species were shown to be accurately predicted for jet-stirred combustor experiments. For rich combustion, hydrocarbon intermediates and soot are additional combustion products. The global reactions and rates were developed to represent near-adiabatic jet-stirred combustor data and were then verified by comparison to the near iso-thermal jet-stirred combustor data. N0X emissions behavior was investigated with the quasiglobal kinetics model to represent rich combustion... 

Whereas near-IR spectroscopy provides an incisive probe of the electronic and thermal state of the heme after flash photolysis, it tells us nothing about the state in which the ligand is created. Mid-IR spectroscopy, on the other... 

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