Clusters of differentiation

Immune Defense. Figure 3 Drugs involved in suppressing innate and adaptive immune response. Abbreviations mob monoclonal antibody, TCR T-cell antigen receptor, IL-2 interleukin-2, R receptor, CD cluster of differentiation. 

Key PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocytes EC, endothelial cell lymphs, lymphocytes CD, cluster of differentiation iCAM, intercellular adhesion molecule LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 PECAM-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion cell molecule-1. 

CBP Cromolyn-binding protein CCK Cholecystokinin CCR Creatinine clearance rate CD Cluster of differentiation (a system of nomenclature for sur ce molecules on cells of the immune system) cluster determinant CDl Cluster of differentiation 1 also known as MHC class I-like surfitce glycoprotein... 

CD49 Cluster of differentiation 49 CD51 Known to be vitronectin receptor alpha chain CD54 Known to be Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 also known as ICAM-1... 

The cell surface contains antigens, which are referred to as CD, which stands for cluster of differentiation. The antibodies are produced against a specific antigen. When administered, usually by an intravenous injection, the antibody binds to the antigen, which may trigger the immune system to result in cell death through complement-mediated cellular toxicity, or the antigen-antibody cell complex may be internalized to the cancer cell, which results in cell death. Monoclonal antibodies also may carry radioactivity, sometimes referred to as hot antibodies, and may be referred to as radioimmunotherapy, so the radioactivity is delivered to the cancer cell. Antibodies that contain no radioactivity are referred to as cold antibodies. 

CALGB Cancer and Leukemia Group B (an alliance of cancer centers that conducts national clinical trials in cancer) CD cluster of differentiation... 

A 40-year-old male is HIV-positive with a cluster-of-differentiation-4 (CD4) count of 200/mmd. Within two months, he develops a peripheral white blood cell count of 1000/mird and a hemoglobin of 9.0 mg/dL. Which drug has most likely caused the adverse effect ... 

There are literally hundreds of markers that are currently available for the mouse and human than can be used to characterize lymphoid and myeloid cells and subsets in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Many of the markers expressed in mammals are highly conserved across species and have been designated as genetic clusters of differentiation (CD). CDs can be identified with fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies. As presented previously, when combined with other fluorescent probes, important information on intracellular biochemistry and cell function can be obtained. Many of the biochemical markers used by immunotoxicologists are common to other... 

B cell bh4 bp BPI BSA C domain C1-C9 cAMP CAP CD cDNA CFU CFU-GEMM bone-marrow-derived lymphocyte tetrahydrobiopterin base pairs bactericidal/permeability-inducing protein bovine serum albumin constant domain complement components cyclic adenosine monophosphate cationic antimicrobial protein cluster of differentiation complementary deoxynucleic acid colony-forming unit granulocyte-erythroid-monocyte-megakaryocyte CFU... 

CD36 Cluster of differentiation 36, a receptor for high-density lipoprotein... 

CD59 Cluster of differentiation 59, a complement regulatory protein... 

B cells are produced by the bone marrow. In response to activation of CD4+ T helper cells (see below), B cells proliferate and produce antibodies. (The term CD stands for cluster of differentiation. They are proteins coating cell surfaces. Altogether, there are more than 160 different types of CDs.) The antibodies produced by B cells circulate in the bloodstream and bind to antigens. Once bound, other cells are in turn activated to destroy the antigens. 

The names helper cells, cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells indicate the function of the cells and are, therefore, useful. The more formal , nomenclature is the CD classification (e.g. CD4-tve cells and CD8-tve cells). CD stands for the cluster of differentiation, which is a technique for distinguishing between different protein molecules attached to different cells its value is that it can identify very precisely the type of immune cell (Appendix 17.3). Thus the helper cells express CD4 molecules on their surface, whereas cytotoxic cells express CDS molecules on their surface. 

Immunoglobulin M (IgM), a membrane protein on the surface of B lymphocytes, serves to bind free antigens to the B cells. By contrast, T cell receptors only bind antigens when they are presented by another cell as a complex with an MHC protein (see below). Interaction between MHC-bound antigens and T cell receptors is supported by co-recep-tors. This group includes CDS, a membrane protein that is typical in cytotoxic T cells. T helper cells use CD4 as a co-receptor instead (not shown). The abbreviation CD stands for cluster of differentiation. It is the term for a large group of proteins that are all located on the cell surface and can therefore be identified by antibodies. In addition to CD4 and CDS, there are many other co-receptors on immune cells (not shown). 

CD4+ Cluster of differentiation 4 Transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on surface of some immune cells, interacts with antigen-presenting cell... 

CD8+ Cluster of differentiation 8 Transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on surface of cytotoxic T cell, required for activation... 

Murine monoclonal antibody for cluster of differentiation 3 antigen [SY]... 

ADA Adenosine deaminase ALG Antilymphocyte globulin APC Antigen-presenting cell ATG Antithymocyte globulin CD Cluster of differentiation CSF Colony-stimulating factor CTL Cytotoxic T lymphocyte DC Dendritic cell... 

K, in osteoclasts 619 Cations. See also Individual ions active transport 422 channels 421,422 Cat scratch disease 7 Cauliflower mosaic virus 247 CD (Cluster of Differentiation) 187,407 Cech, Thomas R. 84 CED-3 619 Cell(s)... 

Cell differentiation antigens (cluster of differentiation, CD) 187,407 Cell membranes 3... 

Wuhrer, M., Berkefeld, C., Dennis, R.D., Idris, M.A. and Geyer, R. (2001) The liver flukes Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica express the leucocyte cluster of differentiation marker CD77 (globotriaosylce-ramide) in their tegument. Biological Chemistry 382, 1 95-207. 

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