Claim

Individual item rates should be scrutinized for consistency before comparing contractors offers. Experienced contractors are often able to spot, in a pricing schedule, items whose quantities are likely to increase (which they load) and those which should decrease (which they lighten), thereby securing a higher payment than the summation of their bid for comparative purposes would indicate. Items such as dayworks rates need a particularly jaundiced eye. 

The settlement of contractors claims can be a nightmare which turns an apparently successfully completed project into a disaster. Claims settlement is one of the most frequent causes of major cost overrun. Even if the claims are disputed and eventually legally rejected, the length of time taken and the effort involved can leave, over an otherwise successful project, a cloud of uncertainty that remains until long after the project achievements have been forgotten. 

There is not much defence against the institution of unreasonable claims, other than the avoidance of litigious contractors. But such claims are likely to be seen for what they are, and are unlikely to be the subject of reservations as to the project outcome. 

Evidently the subject of claims management is an important one, worthy of specialized input which is beyond our present scope. For most purposes, project engineers concentrate their attention on rapidly and reasonably settling any problems which may otherwise escalate into a contractual dispute, and above all on eliminating the causes of such problems. 

The main causes over which the engineer can exercise some control are the following. 

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Simple examples of WLN are C2H5OH is Q2 CH3C0 0CH3 is IVOl For branch chain and fused ring structures rules determine the order of notation. It is claimed that over 50% of all organic structures can be represented by less than 25 characters, witherite, BaCOj. The white mineral form of barium carbonate. Used as a source of Ba compounds and in the brick and ceramic industries. 

The fiscal system set by the host government determines the method by which the host nation claims its entitlement to income from the production and sale of hydrocarbons. The simplest fiscal system is the tax and royalty scheme, such as that applied to income from production in the UKCS (United Kingdom Continental Shelf). 

This is the simplest of the methods. In which an allowance for the capital asset is claimed over a number of years in equal amounts per year, e.g. 20% of the initial capex per year for 5 years. 

Typically, the contractor carries the cost of exploration, appraisal and development, later claiming these costs form a tranche of the produced oil or gas ( cost oil ). If the cost oil allowance is insufficient to cover the annual costs (capex and opex), excess costs are usually deferred to the following year. After the deduction of royalty (if applicable) the remaining volume of production (called profit oil ) is then split between the contractor and the host government. The contractor will usually pay tax on the contractor s share of the profit oil. In diagrammatic form the split of production for a typical PSC is shown in Figure 13.11. 

The most negative point on the cumulative cashflow indicates the maximum cash exposure of the project. If the project were to be abandoned at this point, this is the greatest amount of money the investor stands to lose, before taking account of specific contractual circumstances (such as penalties from customers, partner claims, contractors claims). 

Like steam injection, in-situ combustion is a thermal process designed to reduce oil viscosity and hence improve flow performance. Combustion of the lighter fractions of the oil in the reservoir is sustained by continuous air injection. Though there have been some economic successes claimed using this method, it has not been widely employed. Under the right conditions, combustion can be initiated spontaneously by injecting air into an oil reservoir. However a number of projects have also experienced explosions in surface compressors and injection wells. 

Isaac Newton modestly claimed to have stood on the shoulders of giants to explain how he was able to achieve his outstanding discoveries in the fields of gravitational attraction and planetary motion our Giants in the field of electromagnetic induction would probably have said the same. 

The extensive use of the Young equation (Eq. X-18) reflects its general acceptance. Curiously, however, the equation has never been verified experimentally since surface tensions of solids are rather difficult to measure. While Fowkes and Sawyer [140] claimed verification for liquids on a fluorocarbon polymer, it is not clear that their assumptions are valid. Nucleation studies indicate that the interfacial tension between a solid and its liquid is appreciable (see Section K-3) and may not be ignored. Indirect experimental tests involve comparing the variation of the contact angle with solute concentration with separate adsorption studies [173]. 

To improve upon die mean-field picture of electronic structure, one must move beyond the singleconfiguration approximation. It is essential to do so to achieve higher accuracy, but it is also important to do so to achieve a conceptually correct view of the chemical electronic structure. Although the picture of configurations in which A electrons occupy A spin orbitals may be familiar and usefiil for systematizing the electronic states of atoms and molecules, these constructs are approximations to the true states of the system. They were introduced when the mean-field approximation was made, and neither orbitals nor configurations can be claimed to describe the proper eigenstates T, . It is thus inconsistent to insist that the carbon atom... 

The most important molecular interactions of all are those that take place in liquid water. For many years, chemists have worked to model liquid water, using molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations. Until relatively recently, however, all such work was done using effective potentials [4T], designed to reproduce the condensed-phase properties but with no serious claim to represent the tme interactions between a pair of water molecules. 

The presence of the half-odd quantum number j in Eq. (69) is potentially a physically measurable consequence of geomehic phase, which was first claimed to have been detected in the spectrum of Naa [16]. The situation is, however, quite complicated and the first unambiguous evidence for geometric phase in Nas was reported only in 1999 [17],... 

In other words, surrounding the two conical intersections indeed leads to the flip of sign of the first and the third eigenfunctions, as was claimed. 

We ended Section XV.A by claiming that the value a(r q = 0.4 A) is only 0.63ic instead of it (thus damaging the two-state quantization requirement) because, as additional studies revealed, of the close locations of two (3,4) conical intersections. In this section, we show that due to these two conical intersections our sub-space has to be extended so that it contains three states, namely, the second, the third, and the fourth states. Once this extension is done, the quantization requirement is restored but for the three states (and not for two states) as will be described next. 

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley Sons, Tnc, is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or allcapttal letters, Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. 

Maikush structures are mainly used in patents, for protecting compounds related to an invention. The first generic claim, submitted by Markush, was granted in 1924 by the US Patent Office [87-90]. 

Patents are important for companies to protect their research. In industry, novelties are first published in patents and nowhere else. This means that only up to 10% of the information contained in patents is available through other information systems. In addition, to avoid redundant investigations, companies can monitor the research of competitors and can claim new developments (products, compounds, etc.) on their own. 

This perturbation method is claimed to be more efficient than the fluctuating dipole method, at least for certain water models [Alper and Levy 1989], but it is important to ensure that the polarisation (P) is linear in the electric field strength to avoid problems with dielectric saturation. 

Read the article on the original research (Emsiey, 1971) and include a commentary on these results in your report for this experiment. Emsiey claims that the enthalpy of solution... 

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