Functional patent claims

Not only 5-alkyl-6-aryldihydropyridazinones have attracted considerable attention as antithrombotics. There are also patents claiming structurally closely related compounds in which the (formal) hydroxy function at C-3 is replaced by a hydrazino moiety as displayed in formula (69, R = NH2NH, ArCH = NNH) [265-267] or by cycloamino substituents [268]. 

The catalysts for xylene isomerization with EB dealkylahon are dominated by MFI zeolite. The de-ethylation reaction is particularly facile over this zeolite. There have been several generations of catalyst technology developed by Mobil, now ExxonMobil [84]. The features in their patents include selectivation and two-catalyst systems in which the catalysts have been optimized separately for deethylation of EB and xylene isomerization [85-87]. The crystallite size used for de-ethylation is significantly larger than in the second catalyst used for xylene isomerization. Advanced MHAI is one example. The Isolene process is offered by Toray and their catalyst also appears to be MFI zeoUte-based, though some patents claim the use of mordenite [88, 89]. The metal function favored in their patents appears to be rhenium [90]. Bimetallic platinum catalysts have also been claimed on a variety of ZSM-type zeolites [91]. There are also EB dealkylation catalysts for the UOP Isomar process [92]. The zeolite claimed in UOP patents is MFI in combination with aluminophosphate binder [93]. 

R. Milkovich, M. T. Chiang, U.S. Patents claiming functional groups and methods of preparation ... 

Another novel type of electrochemical fluorination unit, incorporation a metal electrolyser lined with teflon, capable of both bipolar and monopolar function is claimed in a Russian patent [139] to have advantages in simplicity of assembly and operation. 

Another possibility would be to define the molecule to be patented by its function and claim forms of this polypeptide having the same function. Highly innovative patents will have better chances with this approach than less innovative ones. In the USA this may be considered as an attempt to claim patent rights on the end result rather than on the particular means by which the result can be achieved. Except for pioneering inventions, functional claims without sufficient qualifying structural elements are usually rejected, since these do not define the patented novelty with a reasonable degree of particularity and distinctness (see US Manual of Patent Examinating Procedure, "MPEP", 5th. ed.. Rev. 9 706.03 c,d, 1988). 

In the past 25 years, there have been numerous publications and patents claiming applications of 1-haloalkyl carbonates to mask acid or hydroxy functions of certain types of active compounds such as parmaceuticals or pesticides according to the scheme 62. 

Searches made by the two libraries have a direct bearing on the effective production of the patent department. Such a simple bit of information as azeotropic composition may be needed to convince the patent examiner that a separation process will function as claimed in the patent application. Most of the applications rejected are anticipated by or do not distinguish in a patentable sense over prior art. In addition to preventing the filing of applications which would be rejected on patent or literature references, good patentabihty searches are needed by the patent attorney to aid him in judging the proper scope of his claims, so that the result will be a strong patent which cannot later be proved invahd. 

Sohio Issued several patents claiming catalysts based on vanadium, antimony and some promoters which are able to ammoxidize propane with a completely heterogeneous mechanism (66). These catalysts can be considered intrinsically multifunctional since both dehydrogenation and nitrogen insertion functions are present (67,68). The main problem with this type of catalyst is the low rate of the subsequent ammoxidation of intermediate propylene. Indeed, propylene is always present as a by-product. 

If you are on the plaintiff side, you analyze the language of the claims as interpreted by the specification (the main part of the patent). The judge may define the meaning of the claims. You examine and test the accused device to determine whether it is covered by the claims. If so, you write an opinion that the accused device infringes the patent claims. Infringement may be literal the words in the claim may describe the device. The infringement may be under the doctrine of equivalents if the accused device or process performs substantially the same function, and operates in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same... 

The use of TPEs in films and tapes is discussed in numerous reports. However, the latter provide essentially recipes of mixtures. They concern many technical fields pressure-sensitive adhesives, medical applications, barrier properties, porous films, etc., and some of them describe well defined electic properties, such as an electrostrictive system formed of a conductive polymer (polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene) deposited onto opposing surfaces of a TPE film, e.g., a polyurethane [168]. The same comments hold for coating and painting where TPE are mainly used in the protection of metal or alloy substrates, such as electric wires some others impart additional functions to the protection, as is the case of optical fibers or textile fibers and different fabrics. Some few patents claim that a new TPE can be used as textile fiber with interesting properties, however these patents are almost never industrialized on the other hand, new TPE fiber processing techniques are proposed [169]. 

In drafting a patent appHcation, proceeding methodically through the several steps necessary to produce the type of disclosure legally and technically sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the laws of the United States is absolutely essential to a successful granting of the patent. A first step is to outHne those elements of the invention which are absolutely essential to its practice. A body of disclosure should be outlined for each of the essential elements of the claim. This disclosure should describe each element in terms of its function, as weU as the parameters that are relevant to the essential nature of the individual element. For example, if a chemical mixture has a component which acts so as to thicken the mixture, it is appropriate to outHne the family of constituents that can serve this function. At the same time, a full outHne of the disclosure of this individual element will include mention of those chemicals that are preferred for use within the mixture so as to perform the desired thickening function. 

A iD-Corticoids have been important intermediates since it was shown ° that substitution at C-9 enhances anti-inflammatory activity. These olefins are usually obtained from 11a- or 11)5-alcohols, and consequently several refined methods have been devised for effecting this dehydration. It is desirable that such methods be compatible with the presence of A" -3-ketone and 17-hydroxy functions. The first direct procedure for which high yields were claimed was described in a patent issued to Upjohn. According to this method, the alcohol (11a or )5) is treated first with A-bromoacetamide in pyridine, then with sulfur dioxide. Recently it has been claimed " that the A-haloamide/sulfur dioxide method gives results superior to other methods, although the methanesulfonyl chloride/sulfur dioxide procedure (see below) apparently was not compared (see also ref. 94). 

In addition, Novartis filed a patent application on a series of quinazolines as cannabinoid agonists [209]. Compound (320) is one of the two compounds specifically claimed and exhibited CBi and CB2 binding with if values of 34 and 11 nM, respectively. It was shown to be a full agonist at the CBi receptor with an EC50 of 132nM (no functional data for the CB2 receptor). Compound (320) was also active in the neuropathic pain model described above with an ED50 of 0.5mg/kg after oral dosing. 

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