Small Claims

Officiating in the County Court is a Circuit judge or a Registrar (a solicitor) for small claims and interlocutory (pre-trial) matters. A Circuit judge, who may also sit in the Crown Court, must be a barrister (at present) of at least 10 years standing or Recorder (see below) of five years experience. 

Given that the consumer has not been deprived of his rights of action, he may find, if the other party is not prepared to settle, that his only method of getting justice is to go to court. Up until 1973, this could be a daunting and expensive business. But in that year, a small claims or arbitration procedure was set up which operated through the County Court. Any claim within the County Court jurisdiction (up to 5000) may be referred on application to... 

Analysis of the compiled data showed that the indirect cost ratio is affected by many variables. However, the report said Still, if the accident data are separated into two general groups, large and small claims, it can be seen that smaller accidents have a larger [indirect-to-direct cost] multiplier. ... 

The lowest court in civil law is the County Court which only deals with minor cases (for compensation claims of up to 50 000 if the High Court agrees). Cases are normally heard by a judge sitting alone. For personal injury claims of less than 5000, a small claims court is also available. 

Small Claims Fast track Multi track... 

The civil court system comprises the County Court and High Court. Given that civil law is to provide compensation for loss, the county court deals with minor compensation claims of up to 50000. This system is also supported by the small claims court for claims for compensation less than 5000. 

Literature claims of Lewis-acid catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions in water At the time of the printing of this thesis eight reports describe Lewis-acid catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions in water. This small number indicates that Lewis-add catalysis in aqueous media suffers not only from unpopularity, but also from an intrinsic disadvantage. Three of these reports originate... 

A second approach modifies the CA resist chemistry. Eor example, researchers have introduced basic additives into the resist formulation to minimize the impact of surface contamination of the resist film (82,83). A resist that already contains added base (and consequendy requites a larger imaging dose) should be less affected by the absorption of small amounts of basic contaminants. Systems of this type have been claimed to have improved resolution as well. The rationalization here is that the acid that diffuses into the unexposed regions of the resist film is neutralized and does not contribute to image degradation (84,85). 

Plants and microorganisms produce unique and diverse chemical stmctures, some of which act as immunomodulators (18—28). Of specimens used in traditional medicine, approximately 450 plant species have shown antiviral activity out of 4000 plants screened (19). Several tannins (20) exhibit strong inhibition of tumor promotion experimentally. Pretreatment of mice with small amounts of tannins for several days strongly rejected transplanted tumors. This activity has been claimed to be effected through enhancement of host-mediated antitumor activity. 

Cost to the Industry. When compared to the potential expense for defending a single claim of tampering, the cost of effective tamper-evident packaging becomes insignificant. Many firms simply caimot afford the cost of responding to product tampering claims, especially if the firm is a small one with a limited or totally related product line where the reputation of the entire product line can be affected by adverse pubHcity on one item. LiabiUty insurance caimot return lost customer confidence. 

Lyondell and Sun Oil Co. are the main producers of benzene by disproportionation. Eiaa Oil Co. of Texas has developed the Eiaa T2BX process for toluene disproportionation usiag a proprietary catalyst. The new catalyst is claimed to reduce hydrogen consumption and is suitable for feeds containing small amounts of moisture (53). A commercial production unit was started up ia the fall of 1985. 

In the petroleum (qv) industry hydrogen bromide can serve as an alkylation catalyst. It is claimed as a catalyst in the controlled oxidation of aHphatic and ahcycHc hydrocarbons to ketones, acids, and peroxides (7,8). AppHcations of HBr with NH Br (9) or with H2S and HCl (10) as promoters for the dehydrogenation of butene to butadiene have been described, and either HBr or HCl can be used in the vapor-phase ortho methylation of phenol with methanol over alumina (11). Various patents dealing with catalytic activity of HCl also cover the use of HBr. An important reaction of HBr in organic syntheses is the replacement of aHphatic chlorine by bromine in the presence of an aluminum catalyst (12). Small quantities of hydrobromic acid are employed in analytical chemistry. 

Dichloroethane is produced by the vapor- (28) or Hquid-phase chlorination of ethylene. Most Hquid-phase processes use small amounts of ferric chloride as the catalyst. Other catalysts claimed in the patent Hterature include aluminum chloride, antimony pentachloride, and cupric chloride and an ammonium, alkaU, or alkaline-earth tetrachloroferrate (29). The chlorination is carried out at 40—50°C with 5% air or other free-radical inhibitors (30) added to prevent substitution chlorination of the product. Selectivities under these conditions are nearly stoichiometric to the desired product. The exothermic heat of reaction vapori2es the 1,2-dichloroethane product, which is purified by distillation. 

It has been claimed that the D-D fusion reaction occurs when D2O is electroly2ed with a metal cathode, preferably palladium, at ambient temperatures. This claim for a cold nuclear fusion reaction that evolves heat has created great interest, and has engendered a voluminous titerature filled with claims for and against. The proponents of cold fusion report the formation of tritium and neutrons by electrolysis of D2O, the expected stigmata of a nuclear reaction. Some workers have even claimed to observe cold fusion by electrolysis of ordinary water (see, for example. Ref. 91). The claim has also been made for the formation of tritium by electrolysis of water (92). On the other hand, there are many experimental results that cast serious doubts on the reahty of cold fusion (93—96). Theoretical calculations indicate that cold fusions of D may indeed occur, but at the vanishingly small rate of 10 events per second (97). As of this writing the cold fusion controversy has not been entirely resolved. 

Turkey, for centuries, has been known for the beauty of its handwoven mgs dyed with natural dyes. Nowadays Turkish peasants prefer to dye machine-made mgs with synthetic dyes since these are more readily available and easier to apply. However, there is a growing demand by collectors and connoisseurs connoisseurs for handmade mgs dyed with natural dyes, especially alizarin, and they command premium prices (22). Also, there is a small demand for natural alizarin by artists and home dyers who claim that natural alizarin produces subde shades not obtainable with synthetic alizarin. Just as synthetic alizarin forced natural alizarin out of the market, synthetic alizarin has been replaced by azoic dyes since they are easier to apply. 

Limits of detection become a problem in capillary electrophoresis because the amounts of analyte that can be loaded into a capillary are extremely small. In a 20 p.m capillary, for example, there is 0.03 P-L/cm capillary length. This is 1/100 to 1/1000 of the volume typically loaded onto polyacrylamide or agarose gels. For trace analysis, a very small number of molecules may actually exist in the capillary after loading. To detect these small amounts of components, some on-line detectors have been developed which use conductivity, laser Doppler effects, or narrowly focused lasers (qv) to detect either absorbance or duorescence (47,48). The conductivity detector claims detection limits down to lO molecules. The laser absorbance detector has been used to measure some of the components in a single human cell (see Trace AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS). 

Activated alumina and phosphoric acid on a suitable support have become the choices for an iadustrial process. Ziac oxide with alumina has also been claimed to be a good catalyst. The actual mechanism of dehydration is not known. In iadustrial production, the ethylene yield is 94 to 99% of the theoretical value depending on the processiag scheme. Traces of aldehyde, acids, higher hydrocarbons, and carbon oxides, as well as water, have to be removed. Fixed-bed processes developed at the beginning of this century have been commercialized in many countries, and small-scale industries are still in operation in Brazil and India. New fluid-bed processes have been developed to reduce the plant investment and operating costs (102,103). Commercially available processes include the Lummus processes (fixed and fluidized-bed processes), Halcon/Scientific Design process, NIKK/JGC process, and the Petrobras process. In all these processes, typical ethylene yield is between 94 and 99%. 

Businesses tend to provide their own insurance cover when individual claims are likely to be a small fraction of the available capital. The cost of commercial insurance is about 30 percent higher than would be necessaty to cover the same risk in one s own company However, for low-probabdity, high-cost risks, most businesses prefer to insure with a commercial insurance company. Such risks include loss of plant or buildings due to fire and losses of revenue due to delays in startup or strikes. 

Both the equilibria and the enhancement of the coefficients can be improved by additives, of which sodium arsenite is the major one in use, but sodium hypochlorite and small amounts of amines also are effective. Sterically hindered amines as promoters are claimed by Say et al. (Chem. Eng. Prog., 80(10), 72-77 [1984]) to result in 50 percent more capacity than ordinary amine promoters of carbonate solutions. 

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