Excessive Cost

Typically, the contractor carries the cost of exploration, appraisal and development, later claiming these costs form a tranche of the produced oil or gas ( cost oil ). If the cost oil allowance is insufficient to cover the annual costs (capex and opex), excess costs are usually deferred to the following year. After the deduction of royalty (if applicable) the remaining volume of production (called profit oil ) is then split between the contractor and the host government. The contractor will usually pay tax on the contractor s share of the profit oil. In diagrammatic form the split of production for a typical PSC is shown in Figure 13.11. 

Resolution Your company will have some experience of these costs for other quality programs. You should review these and if costs were excessive, try to learn from these experiences and show how they can be avoided this time. Hopefully, there will have been no excessive costs and you will be able to use the review information to defuse this concern. 

The catalyst losses in either system are moderate and not excessively costly when inexpensive iron catalyst is used (as for production of liquid hydrocarbons). It is questionable, however, whether comparable losses of expensive nickel catalysts (for methanation) could be tolerated. For this reason, it is quite likely that the fluidized catalyst system will be used for methanation only after a cheap methanation catalyst is developed. 

Under Part I of the act an IPC system controls emissions to air, land or water for the most polluting industrial and similar processes. IPC is limited to prescribed processes (e.g. chemical, fuel and power, waste disposal, minerals etc.) by prior authorization. Authorization is based on the requirement for owners/controllers to prevent release of prescribed substances or, where this is not practicable, to reduce the release to a minimum. Any residual release must be rendered harmless. To achieve these aims, operators must use the best practicable means not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC). 

BATNEEC Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost... 

LC-NMR hyphenation consists of a liquid chromatograph (autosampler, pump, column and oven) and a classical HPLC detector. The flow of the detector is brought via an interface to the flow-cell NMR probe. Using commercial NMR flow-cells with volumes between 40 and 180 p,L, in connection with microbore columns or packed capillaries, complete spectra have been provided from 1 nmol of sample. These micro-cells allow expensive deuterated solvents to be used, and thus eliminate solvent interference without excessive cost. The HPLC eluent can be split in order to allow simultaneous MS detection. 

Occasionally, a component that already exists in the process can be used as the mass separation agent, thus avoiding the introduction of extraneous material. However, clearly in many instances, practical difficulties and excessive cost might force the use of extraneous material. 

One year after the proposal of the Soil Framework Directive, the European Parliament adopted its first reading. However, in 2010, a few countries impeded the continuation of the process on the basis of excessive cost, administrative burden and subsidiarity. To date, the proposal remains on the council s table [131]. 

There is a trade in frozen part-baked breads. Once again it centres around speciality and difficult to make products such as baguettes. The frozen dough is used by hotels and some in-store bakeries. The excess cost of the process can be supported on these products in these circumstances. 

If quantum theory is to be used as a chemical tool, on the same kind of basis as, say, n.m.r. or mass spectrometry, one must be able to carry out calculations of high accuracy for quite complex molecules without excessive cost in computation time. Until recently such a goal would have seemed quite unattainable and numerous calculations of dubious value have been published on the basis that nothing better was possible. Our work has shown that this view is too pessimistic semiempirical SCF MO treatments, if properly applied, can already give results of sufficient accuracy to be of chemical value and the possibilities of further improvement seem unlimited. There can therefore be little doubt that we are on the threshold of an era where quantum chemistry will serve as a standard tool in studying the reactions and other properties of molecules, thus bringing nearer the fruition of Dirac s classic statement, that with the development of quantum theory chemistry has become an exercise in applied mathematics. 

The step from laboratory experiments via pilot plants to industrial scale requires serious consideration of all the points here practical experience is invaluable in order to avoid mistakes and excess costs, as indicated in Chapter 7. 

To provide early warning of uneconomical or excessive costs in operations... 

Excessive costs of manual labour in production and maintenance of sugar mills. 

At first, a large program of research in new kinds of batteries (Chapter 13) was carried out. However, even the best ofthe new batteries (e.g., the Li-ion batteries) still involved excessive costs, unacceptable recharging times, and in particular polluting C02 injection from the new electricity-producing plants. 

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