Claim frequency studies

Pharmacological treatment of OSA is an elusive concept. A number of selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRIs) and other medications were tried and found to be ineffective. SSRIs and analogous medication have been anecdotally reported to help REM-related OSA, but no study systematically confirmed this claim. Two studies showed positive effect of mirtazapine [33, 34], a tetracyclic non-SSRI antidepressant, on OSA, but further research on a bigger sample is necessary. On the other hand, one should be aware of a muscle relaxation property of some commonly used medications such as benzodiazepines (BZDs), which may result in a worsening of OSA. Assisted nasal ventilation is commonly used in patients with both hypercapnic and non-hypercapnic CSA. The administration of oxygen is observed to ameliorate the frequency of both the central and obstructive events in patients with a predomi-... 

Shannon et al. (1996) is an example of a study limited in both of these ways. It doesn t have any variables on employees involvement with the company s financial returns, and it doesn t present the results of the analysis in a multivariate ftamewoik. The researchers examine a matched sample of questionnaires sent to firms in Ontario with data on those firms lost-time frequency rates (equivalent to the analysis of claim frequency given below). Survey questionnaires include responses from both workers and management. The paper discusses only univariate statistical analyses that compare various workplace practices to whether a firm has a low, medium, or high claim frequency. A multivariate regression analysis is mentioned but not reported on in the paper. 

This factor is not statistically significant in Hunt and Habeck s (1993) multivariate regression, but the results are suggestive a 10 percent increase in this people-oriented culture variable is associated with a 4.2 percent reduction in lost workdays rate, as predicted by our model. This analysis focuses only on claim frequency, so the authors do not report any analysis of claim severity. Our results on claim frequency support the analyses of both Hunt and Habeck (1993) and Hunt et al. (1993), and suggest litde or no effect of involvement in decision making on claim duration. Their findings with respect to management culture variables (the focus of their study) will be discussed below. 

This study goes beyond much of the earlier research and— following the approach of Hunt and Habeck (1993) and Hunt et al. (1993)—seeks to estimate the role of HRM practices in the determination of workers compensation costs in a multivariate framework. It uses a workplace safety model that incorporates a wider variety of HRM practices than has been previously employed. In particular, it analyzes the impact of the three important dimensions of HRM practices on safety employee participation in decision making, employee participation in financial returns, and the firm s management safety culture. In addition, this is the first study to consider file effect of each of these factors on claim frequency and claim severity, and to ask whether any observed change is file result of changes in technical efficiency or moral hazard (principal-agent) incentives. 

The PIAA conducted a medication-error study in 1993 ° and another in 1999 to analyze high-frequency and severe malpractice claims. The data collected included loss description and causation information, expense and indemnity payments, and the demographics of policyholders, claimants, and institutions. The PIAA companies insured almost 87,000 physicians in the United States, ranging from the smallest to the largest physician-owned malpractice insurers. 

Alexander and Gray 70) and Caulton 71) have studied the electronic spectrum of the species [Co(CN)5] . Although direct proof is lacking, it has been affirmed that the optical and E. P. R. spectra are consistent with an essentially square p5u-amidal stereochemistry and are inconsistent with a trigonal bipyramidal structure (70). It has been claimed, however, that this species may be actually six-coordinate in water, i. e. [Co(CN)5(H20)]3- (72). The spectrum of [Co(CN)5]3. has four bands of low intensity between 10 and 32 kK, as well as two high intensity bands at higher frequence (Table 7). 

Some of the researchers who have experimented with synthesized mescaline, LSD, or psilocybin have remarked upon the similarity between drug-induced and spontaneous mystical experiences because of the frequency with which some of their subjects have used mystical and religious language to describe their experiences. These data interested the author in a careful examination and evaluation of such claims. An empirical study, designed to investigate in a systematic and scientific way the similarities and differences between experiences described by mystics and those facilitated by psychedelic drugs, was undertaken (Pahnke, 1966, 1967). First, a phenomeno-... 

Studies of normal volunteers should lay to rest the claim that lithium only affects a disease process. It should also put an end to the claim that lithium has a specific antimanic effect, rather than a generalized braindisabling, deactivating effect. This effect may at times reduce the occurrence of manic episodes, but it does so by reducing overall brain function. Even in regard to reducing the frequency of manic episodes, its efficacy is doubtful and it causes manic withdrawal reactions (see following sections). 

An analysis of each study and all the studies as a whole to demonstrate how they relate to each claim of effectiveness. If some studies are considered more important than others, this should be noted and an explanation given. Any pooled analyses should be explained and presented. Any major inconsistencies or areas needing further exploration should be identified. Dose-response and dose-duration/dose-frequency information as well as any differences in response among subgroups should be included. 

A number of these trans compounds have been prepared by Ablov and his co-workers 4-6, 9, 11) who have recently described ci5-[Co-(DH)2H20(NCS)] (5), whereas the previous discussion shows that S-bonding predominates in the trans series unless modified by solvent effects. Although no evidence was observed for the N-bonded isomer in the study of a frequency which is difficult to observe in these compounds due to ligand vibrations. The difficulties in determining the coordination of NCS in bis(dimethylglyoximato)-cobalt III) compounds are illustrated by the report of hydrolysis studies of twenty-six new salts of the bisthiocyanate anion in which the results were discussed on the basis of N-bonding 284) in spite of the available X-ray evidence to the contrary 649). 

Domperidone is a neuroleptic antiemetic, a dopamine receptor antagonist. It produces the expected range of dystonic and extrapyramidal adverse effects (1), which seem, as with metoclopramide, to be more likely to occur in children (2). It is difficult to accept that claims for lower frequencies than with metoclopramide are justified, particularly when one reads a report of neuroleptic malignant sjmdrome (3). Like its congeners, domperidone has repeatedly been shown to cause sjmptoms attributable to hyperprolactinemia (galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and breast tenderness), despite claims that there is a lower incidence of effects on prolactin concentrations. However, a study in patients with Parkinson s disease using domperidone did not suggest that the adverse effects are especially problematical in these patients (4). 

FDA representatives at the meeting criticized the absence of some data from reports of two studies key to Merck s efficacy claims. Specifically, they noted that for three patients in study 028 (carried out in Brazil), the company had no CD4 cell counts once Crixivan therapy was started. For another six patients, Merck only reported partial data and failed to explain why these subjects had left the trial. Overall, the agency found that the company did not have full data on CD4 cell counts for 15 percent of the subjects in the two studies. Interestingly, the absence of complete CD4 cell count data did not invalidate the application in officials minds. They were satisfied by Crixivan s ability to reduce the viral load and produce a durable response among patients. With three measures of efficacy available, FDA officials could be flexible about the precision and frequency of CD4 cell counts. 

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