Geotechnical engineering

Soil Mechanics. Most people would not consider soil as an engineering material, but it is, because most constructed structures are situated on it by necessity. Without due consideration of soils bearing capacity under various circumstances, a structure built over it may sink, tilt, or outright turn over. Soil mechanics is a branch of mechanics that studies the mechanical properties of various types of soil and its strength at different moisture-content levels. It provides the scientific base upon which design formulas and codes are developed for everyday engineering design practice. 

Rock Mechanics. The properties of rock become relevant when it is used as the foundation of a high-rise building or a large dam. It is also relevant when one examines the stability of the slope of a mountain or a tunnel. It is also the subject of study for the occurrence of earthquakes. 

Foundation Engineering. A foundation is the interface between a superstructure and its supporting soil. A common type of foundation for 

Soil Improvement. When a structure must be placed at a site with very weak soil, various techniques can be used to improve the soil properties. These typically involve the use of replacement material through excavation or the injection of special material (grouts) into the original soil to change its properties. Another special technique is to place geosynthetic fabrics or textiles in horizontal layers to strengthen the soil or to limit soil s permeability, which is essential in the design for landfill and hazardous material deposit sites. 

Tunnel Engineering. Tunneling through soil or rock is sometimes necessary in the construction of roadways or special storage spaces. Tunnel engineering deals with the route determination, selection of tuimeling machines, and the analysis and design of the tunnel structure. 

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Geotextiles are a relatively new concept for solving problems in geotechnical engineering. They have gained wide use as not only an economical solution to these problems, but in many instances as the only viable solution to a complex engineering problem. This is evidenced by the fact that over a seven-year period from 1976 to 1983 sales of geotextiles in North America alone rose from 5 to 115 m (6 to 138 x 10 /yd ). 

JEGEL, Manitoba Slags, Deposits, Characterization, Modifications, Potential Utilization, report, John Emery Geotechnical Engineering Limited, Toronto, Ontario, 1986. 

Dezfulian, H., 1988, Site of an Oil-Producing Property In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 43 19. 

Huiatt JL. 1985. Cyanide from mineral processing Problems and research needs. Conf. Cyanide and Environment, Tuscon, AZ, December 1984. Published by Geotechnical Engineering Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 65-81. 

Yong RN, Mohamed AMO, Warkentin BP (1992) In Development in geotechnical engineering. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ... 

Charles, J. A. Skinner, H. D. 2001. Compressibility of foundation fills. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers — Geotechnical Engineering, 149, 145-157. 

Acar Y. B. and Alshawabkeh A. (1996) Electrokinetic Remediation I. Pilot-scale Tests with Lead Spiked Kaolinite, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 122(3), pp. 173-185. 

Eykholt, G. R. and Daniel, D.E. (1994), Impact of System Chemistry on Electroosmosis in Contaminated Soil f Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 120(5), pp.797-815. 

Acar, Y. B., and Haider, L. (1990). Transport of low-concentration contaminants in saturated earthen barriers f Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 116, 1031-1052. 

The work described in this chapter was conducted by the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Lehigh University as part of the research program on Development of Low-Cost Construction Materials. This particular study is sponsored by the Construction Materials Technology, Inc. International. 

Airo Farulla, C. and Valore, C. 1993. Some aspects of the mechanical behaviour of compacted tectonized clays. In Anagnostopoulos et al. (Editors), Geotechnical Engineering of Hard Soils - Soft Rocks. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 335-342. 

Petroleum and geotechnical engineers frequently use a unit of permeability called the darcy. One darcy approximately equals lO m. The order of magnitude of the permeability is provided in Table 1. 

Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering... 

Lucas, R.G., Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 1, Dynamic Compaction, 1995, Federal Flighway Administration FHWA-SA-95-037, Washington, DC. 

Leonards, G.A. et al, Dynamic Compaction of Granular Soils, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Jan. 1980, pp 35-44, ASCE, Reston, VA. 

Ward, W.H. The Use of Simple Relief Wells in Reducing Water Pressure A Trench Excavation. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Geotechnical Engineering 119, pp 231-236, October 1996. 

Figure 9.7 Location and spacing of grout holes under an earth fill dam. (Houlsby, A.C., "Cement Grouting for Dams," Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, New Orleans, LA, p 4, Feb. 1982. Reproduced by permission of ASCE, Reston, VA.)...

R.H. Karol, Grout Penetrability, Issues in Dam Grouting, Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, New York, April 30, 1985. 

A. C. Houlsby, cement grouting for dams, Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, New York, 1982, pp. 1-34. 

In geotechnical engineering workJ ° electro-osmotic technology is used in stabilizing embankments, dewatering foundation sites, strengthening steeply cut slopes, and increasing the capacity of steel friction piles. 

Department of Geology and Geotechnical Engineering (IGG), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 204, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark, e-mail iggnm pop.dtu.dk... 

Suthaker, N. N. Scott, J. D. Proceedings of the 47th Canadian Geotechnical Engineering Conference Halifax, Canada, 1994. 

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