Cholesterol dietary effects

It is known that cholesterol interacts with erythrocyte phospholipids reducing its molecular area (Demel et al., 1967) and, as a consequence, a decrease in the local fluidity of the lipid matrix of the erythrocyte membrane occurs, as it was determined by electron spin resonance studies (Kroes et al., 1972). The results obtained for the inhibition by F of the erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase and (Na" ", KT ")-ATPase from rats fed corn oil and corn oil-plus-cholesterol supplemented diet, respectively, are presented in Table 5. In the case of acetylcholinesterase, the values of n change from 1.5 to 1.0 because of cholesterol dietary effect. Consequently, in the (Na , KT ")-ATPase the values of n vary in an inverse manner (from 2.0 to 3.6). (Bloj et al., 1973 ). 

Brown, L., Rosner, B., Willett, W. W., and Sack, F. M. (1999). Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber A meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69, 30-42. 

The use of plant sterols—(3-sitostcrol and sitostanol in consumer products to decrease cholesterol is supported by numerous clinical studies that document their efficacy in lowering mild hyperlipidemia (Jones et al., 1998 Hallikainen and Uusitupa, 1999). Although the normal diet contains plant sterols that range from 160 to 360 mg/day, a 5- to 10-fold increase is required to exert a cholesterol-lowering effect. Consumer products with increased amounts of phytosterols that exceed the content found in the diet have been made available to the consumer. In evaluating the efficacy of including sitostanol ester in margarine as a dietary supplement for children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), it was found that serum total cholesterol (TC), intermediate density lipoprotein-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels fell while the HDL-cholesterol/LDL-cholesterol ratio was elevated. 

Anderson, J.W. 1995. Cholesterol-lowering effects of soluble fiber in humans. In Dietary Fiber in Health and Disease (D. Kritchevsky and C. Bonfield, eds), pp. 126-145. Eagan Press, St. Paul, MN. 

Therapy aimed at improving cardiovascular disease risk is aimed at lowering circulating lipid levels, especially that of cholesterol. Dietary intervention (low saturated triglyceride and cholesterol) is effective. Circulating cholesterol can in fact be determined from daily fat intake by the Hegstedt formula ... 

Leonarduzzi, G., Sottero, B., Poli, G. 2002. Oxidized products of cholesterol dietary and metabolic origin, and proatherosclerotic effects (review). J. Nutr. Biochem. 13, 700-710. 

Drugs used to increase HDL levels (fibrates, nicotinic acid, and statins) in otherwise normal people do not have the same effect in patients with Tangier disease. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and treat other risk factors associated with CAD. Exercise, weight reduction, dietary cholesterol and saturated fat reduction, and smoking cessation are the first line in management of low HDL cholesterol. Dietary management with low fat intake is beneficial in reducing the risk for CAD, as well... 

It was noted in Section 4.1 that the tocotrienols can be considered to be derivatives of mevalonate, the product of HMG CoA reductase, which is the key regulatory enzyme of cholesterol synthesis. Dietary tocotrienols have a cholesterol-lowering effect they act by reducing the activity of HMG CoA reductase. The main effect is posttranslational tocotrienols cause an increased... 

Knopp, R.H. et al., Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of 4 fat-restricted diets in hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic men. The Dietary Alternatives Study, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 278, 1509, 1997. 

The hypocholesterolemic effect of sesamin could be enhanced by a-tocopherol (107). Data shown in Table 14 clearly indicated that rats fed sesamin together with tocopherol (1%), the serum cholesterol-lowering effect of sesamin, could be demonstrated at a much lower level (0.05%). This synergistic effect was found to be related to both the levels of sesamin and cholesterol in the diet. The combination of a-tocopherol with sesamin has a practical value for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The cholesterol-lowering effect of sesamin has also been demonstrated in humans with dietary supplementation of sesamin at 64.8-mg/day level (108). 

Palmitic acid (16 0) is not much converted in the body to 16 .1. However, palmitic acid (16 0) is converted readily to 18 1 by the pathway shown in Figure 6.36. This conversion is much slower than that of dietary 18 0 to 18 1, and thus accounts for the LDL-cholesterol raising effect of palmitic add. 

At the University of Toronto, studies examining specific dietary effects related to lowering blood cholesterol show that people adhere to a prescribed diet more faithfully and have reduced cholesterol levels when strawberries are included in daily meals. Such diets incorporate fruits, vegetables, soy products, prebiotic fiber (such as from oatmeal), plant sterols, and nuts. Look for references to this work in Appendix D and more information in Part III on the Portfolio diet... 

Martins JM, Riottot M, de Abreu MC, et al. (2005). Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in intact and ileorectal anastomosed pigs. J. Lipid Res., 46 1539-1547. 

Isoflavonoids also have been reported to have physiological activity in animal and human studies. Besides acting as an estro n mimic, it was reported that the isoflavones found in soybean seeds possess antihemolytic, antifungal, tumorsuppressing, and serum cholesterol-lowering effects. In addition, both epidemiological and dietary-intervention studies indicate that when isoflavones in soybean seeds and in subsequent protein products prepared from the seeds are part of the human dietary intake, those products provide many significant health benefits. - ... 

The effects of dietary fiber on plasma lipoproteins are in some cases, strongly affected by the presence of cholesterol in the diet. This study confirms that dietary cholesterol is essential for the plasma cholesterol lowering effect of pectin. In fact no such effect was obtained in the absence of cholesterol in our high protein/high fat diets, and the effects of pectin might be interpreted as a partial reversal of the disadvantageous effects of dietary cholesterol on the plasma lipoprotein profile. 

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