Cholesterol dietary influences

Cholesterol Lowering Influence of Pectin Several Investigators (7-9) have clearly suggested that pectin when supplemented In the diet of laboratory animals and/or human volunteers causes significant reduction In serum cholesterol levels. This, Indeed, Is an Important observation, as It has been shown that the etiology of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease Is associated with elevated serum cholesterol levels, and the observed reduction of serum cholesterol level by pectin holds promise for the treatment and/or prevention of these diseases. It Is relevant here to point out that dietary pectin has shown to retard Induced avian atherosclerosis (10). 

Another remarkable characteristic of the dietary lipid effect is the interaction among administered lipids such as the case of cholesterol which influences the kinetic parameters according to the fatty acid composition of the diet. 

Thus, it is apparent that soya, some soya products and linseed oil influence blood lipid levels, particularly cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. While the extent of the reduction appears to largely depend on an individual s initial serum cholesterol level, the maximum reductions observed are of the order of 10-15%. For hyperlipidemic individuals this may not be a marked reduction, but such an effect on the general population may well have a beneficial effect on the overall incidence of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The possibility that non-phytoestrogenic dietary components may contribute to the hypocholes-terolemic properties cannot, however, be discounted. Indeed, certain types of dietary fibre have been shown to have a hypolipidemic effect via their ability to increase faecal excretion rates. 

Manttari M, Koskinen P, Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, Manninen V. Apolipo-protein E polymorphism influences the serum cholesterol response to dietary intervene blood is diminished due to mutations within the apoB-100 receptor binding domain [51]. A number of point mutations of the putativd its relation to E polymorphism. Orv Hetil 1994 135 735-741. 

As shown in Table III, mean fecal calcium losses tended to be higher when the higher fat diet was fed in comparison to results when the lower fat diet was fed. Therefore, apparent calcium absorption was higher when the low fat diet was fed. These differences were significant at only the P< 0.075 level hence, only a trend was illustrated. In this study no attempt was made to equalize fatty acid proportionality patterns or cholesterol intake. These or other dietary or non-dietary factors may have influenced the observed apparent trends. Other studies with human adults have not demonstrated any apparent influence on level of dietary fat on calcium absorption. 

The standard diet used in our experiments is a semipurified, cholesterol-free preparation that is composed of 25% protein, 40% sucrose, 13% coconut oil, 1% corn oil, 15% cellulose, 5% mineral mix, and 1% vitamin mix. This diet has been shown to induce an endogenous hypercholesterolemia and lead to atherosclerosis in rabbits and monkeys (4, 5). The specific question addressed by our series of investigations is whether the type of dietary protein, when all other dietary components are constant, can influence the development of hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis. More specifically, we have examined the effects of the individual amino acids, lysine and arginine, and their ratios in the diet on plasma and hepatic lipids as well as the development of arterial plaques. 

Arjmandi, B. H., Craig, J., Nathani, S., and Reeves, R. D. (1992). Soluble dietary fiber and cholesterol influence in vivo hepatic and intestinal cholesterol biosynthesis in rats. /. Nutr. 122,1559-1565. 

Achieving really significant rednctions in plasma cholesterol levels through diet alone generally reqnires that one limit dietary cholesterol to 200 mg per day or less. This is about fivefold less than the typical US diet contains. The typical Japanese diet prior to the influence of Western dietary habits contained abont 200 mg of cholesterol per day. 

Dietary factors may also be important in gallstone pathogenesis - such as intake of total calories, cholesterol, refined carbohydrates and dietary fibre. As discussed below, the amount of bran, and of other fibre components, in the diet may influence the formation of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in the intestine, its subsequent absorption and its enrichment of bile with DCA conjugates. 

Beynen. The hypercholesterolemic effect of dietary coconut fat versus com CN116 oil in hypo- or hyperresponsive rabbits is not exerted through influencing cholesterol absorption. Lipids 1991 CN117... 

Dietary cholesterol has little influence on plasma cholesterol... 

Dietary cholesterol, together with triacylglycerols, is absorbed from the intestinal tract and enters the large lipoprotein chylomicrons (see Fig. 21-1). Absorption of cholesterol is incomplete, usually amounting to less than 40% of that in the diet. Absorption requires bile salts and is influenced by other factors.186 As it is needed cholesterol is taken from the plasma lipoproteins into cells by endocytosis. Much of the newly absorbed cholesterol is taken up by the liver. The liver also secretes cholesterol, in the form of esters with fatty acids, into the bloodstream. 

Ntanios, F.Y. and Jones, P. J. H. 1999. Dietary sitostanol reciprocally influences cholesterol absorption and biosynthesis in hamsters and rabbits. Atherosclerosis 143, 341-351. 

O Brien, B.C. and Corrigan, S.M. 1988. Influence of dietary soybean and egg lecithins on lipid responses in cholesterol-fed guinea pigs. Lipids 23, 647-650. 

Dietary measures are always initiated first and may obviate the need for drugs. Exceptions are patients with familial hypercholesterolemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia in whom diet and drug therapy should be started simultaneously. Cholesterol, saturated fats, and trans fats are the principal factors that influence LDL levels, whereas total fat and calorie restriction is important in management of triglycerides. 

Lopez-Miranda J, Ordovas JM, Espino A et al. Influence of mutation in human apolipoprotein A-l gene promoter on plasma LDL cholesterol response to dietary fat. Lancet. 1994, 343 1246-1249. 

The lipidome profile of mice liver homogenates of free cholesterol, low cholesterol, and high cholesterol diets showed the influence between dietary cholesterol intake and atherosclerosis (17). To get individual metabolite fingerprints, they measured near 300 metabolites such as di- and triglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, LPCs, and cholesterol esters in plasma samples by LC-MS/MS. It was observed that when dietary cholesterol intake was increased, the liver compensated for elevations in plasma cholesterol by adjusting metabolic and transport processes related to lipid metabolism, which... 

Galvin, K., Morrissey, P.A., Buckley, D.J. 1998b. Cholesterol oxides in processed chicken muscle as influenced by dietary a-tocopherol supplementation. Meat Sci. 48, 1-9. 

---