Poly ether, chlorinated

Suitable Plastics Fluorocarbons, chlorinated poly ether, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropelene, high-density polyethylene, and epoxy glass. 

A number of chlorinated poly(ethers) have practical uses. A common compound from this group is polyepichlorohydrin, [-CH(CH2CI)CH20-]n. Polyepichlorohydrin has practical applications as an elastomer and is used in copolymers with propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, allyl glycidyl ether (1-allyloxy-2,3-epoxypropane), etc. Another example is poly oxy[2,2 -bis(chloromethyl)-1,3-propandiyl] or poly[oxy-1,3-(2,2 -dichloromethyl)propylene], CAS 25323-58-4, which can be used as inert lining material for chemical plant equipment, as adhesive, coating material, etc. This macromolecule can be prepared starting with pentaerythritol in the sequence of reactions shown below ... 

The AICI3-catalyzed polycondensation of diphenyl ether with a mixture of terephthaloyl chloride and isophthaloyl chloride is a relatively inexpensive route to poly(ether ketone)s. The polymerizations were carried out in chlorinated solvents... 

Poly(ether ketone)s 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as DMAc and NMP and in chlorinated solvents such as chloroform. The improved solubility of these fluorinated poly(ether ketone)s can be explained by the presence of both the flexible hexafluoroisopropylidene groups and the bulky 1,4-naphthalene moieties, which inhibit polymer crystallization and facilitate the penetration of solvent molecules between the polymer chains. 

Chlorinated poly(styrene) samples were prepared by chlorination of PS with CI2 in trifluoroacetic acid(9) or by free radical chlorination using f-butyl hypochlorite(lO) or by chloromethylation using chloromethyl actyl ether and SnCU(ll). 

Limited testing on chlorine sensitivity of poly(ether/amidel and poly(ether/urea) thin film composite membranes have been reported by Fluid Systems Division of UOP [4]. Poly(ether/amide] membrane (PA-300] exposed to 1 ppm chlorine in feedwater for 24 hours showed a significant decline in salt rejection. Additional experiments at Fluid Systems were directed toward improvement of membrane resistance to chlorine. Different amide polymers and fabrication techniques were attempted but these variations had little effect on chlorine resistance [5]. Chlorine sensitivity of polyamide membranes was also demonstrated by Spatz and Fried-lander [3]. It is generally concluded that polyamide type membranes deteriorate rapidly when exposed to low chlorine concentrations in water solution. 

By contrast, membranes U-1, A-2 and X-2 are all chlorine sensitive, each responding in a unique manner. U-1 is a thin film composite membrane, the active layer consisting of cross-linked poly(ether/urea) polymer. A-2 is a homogeneous aromatic polyamide containing certain polyelectrolyte groups. X-2 is a thin film composite membrane of proprietary composition. 

Abbreviations for plastics ABS, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene CPVC, chlorinated poly vinyl chloride ECTFE, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene ETFE, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene PB, polybutylene PE, polyethylene PEEK, poly ether ether ketone PFA, perfluoroalkoxy copolymer POP, poly phenylene oxide PP, polypropylene PVC, polyvinyl chloride PVDC, poly vinylidene chloride PVDF, poly vinylidene fluoride. 

Diazotization in the presence of boron trifluoride enables diazonium tetrafluoroborates to be isolated from the reaction mixture and purified. Subsequent controlled decomposition produces the required fluoroaromatic. Although explosion hazards and the toxicity of the isolated salts are significant concerns with this process, known as the Balz-Schiemann process, 4,4 -di-fluorobenzophenone (BDF. 6) has been prepared by this route as a monomer for the production of the engineering plastic poly(ether ether ketone) , or PEEK , by condensation with 1,4-dihydroxybenzene in the presence of potassium carbonate. BDF 6 is superior to its chlorine analog because in aromatic systems the nucleophilic displacement of fluorine is more facile than that of chlorine, leading to a shorter polymerization time and a better quality product containing less degradation impurities. 

MC MDI MEKP MF MMA MPEG MPF NBR NDI NR OPET OPP OSA PA PAEK PAI PAN PB PBAN PBI PBN PBS PBT PC PCD PCT PCTFE PE PEC PEG PEI PEK PEN PES PET PF PFA PI PIBI PMDI PMMA PMP PO PP PPA PPC PPO PPS PPSU Methyl cellulose Methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Melamine formaldehyde Methyl methacrylate Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde Nitrile butyl rubber Naphthalene diisocyanate Natural rubber Oriented polyethylene terephthalate Oriented polypropylene Olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile Polyamide Poly(aryl ether-ketone) Poly(amide-imide) Polyacrylonitrile Polybutylene Poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile) Polybenzimidazole Polybutylene naphthalate Poly(butadiene-styrene) Poly(butylene terephthalate) Polycarbonate Polycarbodiimide Poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ether-imide) Poly(ether-ketone) Polyethylene naphthalate Polyether sulfone Polyethylene terephthalate Phenol-formaldehyde copolymer Perfluoroalkoxy resin Polyimide Poly(isobutylene), Butyl rubber Polymeric methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methylpentene) Polyolefins Polypropylene Polyphthalamide Chlorinated polypropylene Poly(phenylene oxide) Poly(phenylene sulfide) Poly(phenylene sulfone)... 

PB PBI PBMA PBO PBT(H) PBTP PC PCHMA PCTFE PDAP PDMS PE PEHD PELD PEMD PEC PEEK PEG PEI PEK PEN PEO PES PET PF PI PIB PMA PMMA PMI PMP POB POM PP PPE PPP PPPE PPQ PPS PPSU PS PSU PTFE PTMT PU PUR Poly(n.butylene) Poly(benzimidazole) Poly(n.butyl methacrylate) Poly(benzoxazole) Poly(benzthiazole) Poly(butylene glycol terephthalate) Polycarbonate Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Poly(chloro-trifluoro ethylene) Poly(diallyl phthalate) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Polyethylene High density polyethylene Low density polyethylene Medium density polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly-ether-ether ketone poly(ethylene glycol) Poly-ether-imide Poly-ether ketone Poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly-ether sulfone Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyimide Polyisobutylene Poly(methyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methacryl imide) Poly(methylpentene) Poly(hydroxy-benzoate) Polyoxymethylene = polyacetal = polyformaldehyde Polypropylene Poly (2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene ether) = Poly(phenylene oxide) Polyp araphenylene Poly(2,6-diphenyl-l,4-phenylene ether) Poly(phenyl quinoxaline) Polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfide Polyphenylene sulfone Polystyrene Polysulfone Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) Polyurethane Polyurethane rubber... 

Schulz described the synthesis of fully N-chlorinated polyamides. Solid poly(ether-urethane) samples were suspended for a few minutes in aqueous hypochlorite or hypobromite solutions, acidified to pH 4-4.5 at ambient temperatures. 

Figure 7. Chlorination of poly(ether-urethane) prosthesis.

Table 4 shows the relative atomic concentrations of the dominant elements on the surface of both polysulfone membranes, although other elements (impurities) such as calcium in D-PS or sodium and chlorine in P-PS were also observed in relative concentrations lower than 0.5 %. According to the theoretical molecular structure of poly-(ether sulfone) (Vitrex) the 0/C and S/0 atomic ratios are 0.25 and 0.33, respectively while for polysulfone (Udel) the 0/C ratio is 0.15 and the S/0 ratio is 0.25. As can be observed from the 0/C ratio indicated in Table 4, both polysulfone membranes show an excess of oxygen with respect to sulfur atoms, and an excess of carbon with respect to oxygen atoms, which points out the presence of atypical chemical compounds containing also carbon and oxygen atoms. 

Additional examples of the application of the Flory EOS to polymer blends include polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) [15,20,21], oligomeric polystyrene/polybutadiene [22], ethylene-vinyl acetate/chlorinated polyethylene [23], poly(e-caprolactone)/PVC [24], poly-(ether sulfone)/poly(ethylene oxide) [25]. 

One of the standard FilmTec products (FT-30) is based on the interfacial polymerization of m-phenylenediamine chain extended and cross-linked with trimesoyl chloride. Sulfonated polysulfone and sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) have also been utilized, as they offer the advantage of chlorine resistance (which is desirable, as chlorine is often employed to remove biological deposits causing membrane fouling). Newer versions of sulfonated polysulfones demonstrating excellent chlorine resistance have recently been reported in the literature. Reverse osmosis is also relevant for organic mixture separations, of which a few have been commercialized such as solvent recovery from lube oil. ... 

Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-dye copolymers —The color additives formed by reaction of one or more of the foUowiag reactive dyes with poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), so that the sulfate group (or groups) or chlorine substituent of the dye is replaced by an ether linkage to poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (see Dyes, reactive). The dyes that may be used alone or ia combination are... 

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is insoluble in alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, carbon tetrachloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons and castor oil. It is swollen or dissolved by such agents as aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons and tetrahydrofuran. 

Halogenatlon. Poly(2,6-dimethyl- and 2,6-diphenyl-l,4-phenylene ether) can be aryl-brominated simply by exposure to a bromine solution no catalyst is required.6 In fact, the use of Lewis acid catalysts to promote the chlorination of poly(2,6-dimethy1-1,4-phenylene ether) leads to substantial degradation of the molecular weight of the chlorinated products.7 Membranes produced from ring brominated PPO (40% wt Br) exhibited enhanced permeability to CHi and CO2 and proved to be more selective in separating CH4/CO2 mixtures.8... 

Bisphenol-AF-derived poly(aryloxydiphenylsilane) dissolves easily in a wide variety of organic solvents, including chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons, cyclic ethers, and aprotic polar solvents. 

Widespread chlorine-containing polymers would include, 1) stable molding material for practical use such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride and poly(epichlorohydrin)(PECH) and, 2) reactive polymers capable to introduce additional functional groups via their active chlorines such as chloromethyl polystyrene, poly (3-chloroethyl vinyl-ether) and poly (vinyl chloroacetate). While the latter, especially the chloromethyl polystyrene, has been widely used recently for the synthesis of variety of functional polymers, we should like to talk in this article about the chemical modification of the former, mainly of PVC and PECH, which was developed in our laboratory. 

Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene ether) is amorphous and has a glass transition temperature of about 170 °C. It is soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, as well as tetrachloroethane,and also in nitrobenzene and toluene. 

Louis-Jacques Thenard, 1777-1857. Professor of chemistry at the Ecole Poly-technique. Discoverer of hydrogen peroxide. Collaborator with Gay-Lussac m his researches on potassium, boron, lodme, and chlorine. He also investigated many fatty acids, esters and ethers... 

---