Chlorhexidine cream

Salveson A, Bergan T. Contamination of chlorhexidine cream used to prevent ascending urinary tract infections. J Hyg (Lond) 1981 86(3) 295-301. 

Lawrence JC, Cason JS, Kidson A. Evaluation of phenoxetol-chlorhexidine cream as a prophylactic antibacterial agent in burns. Lancet 1982 i 1037-1040. 

Concentrations of about 15% of nonionic emulsifying wax are commonly used in creams, but concentrations as high as 25% may be employed, e.g., in chlorhexidine cream BP. Nonionic emulsifying wax is particularly recommended for use with salts of polyvalent metals and medicaments based on nitrogenous compounds. Creams are susceptible to microbial spoilage and should be adequately preserved. 

Susitaival P, Hakkinen L (1989) Anaphylactic allergy to chlorhexidine cream. In Frosch PJ, Dooms-Goossens A, Lachapelle J-M, et al. (eds) Current topics in contact dermatitis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 99-103... 

Water is able to evaporate from chlorhexidine digluconate solution 20 %. This may lead to a high content in chlorhexidine creams and mouthwashes. An use-by period of 1 year is therefore recommended for this raw material. 

Chlorhexidine is available as lotions, creams, washes for disinfection and cleansing of skin and wounds, and as oral gels and mouthwashes. It also has... 

For skin disinfection, chlorhexidine has been formulated as a 0.5% w/v solution in 70% v/v ethanol and, in conjunction with detergents, as a 4% w/v surgical scrub. Chlorhexidine salts may also be used in topical antiseptic creams, mouthwashes, dental gels, and in urology for catheter sterilization and bladder irrigation. 

The aqueous concentration of chlorhexidine normally recommended for contact with mucous surfaces is 0.05% w/v. At this concentration, there is no irritant effect on soft tissues, nor is healing delayed. The gluconate salt (1% w/v) is frequently used in creams, lotions, and disinfectant solutions. 

Topical 2% povidone iodine solution and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution have broad antimicrobial profiles and may be used as cheap spectrum and effective antifungal agents in equine ketomycosis, particularly where Fusarium spp. are involved. A1% dermatological cream formulation of silver sulfadiazine has both antifungal and antibacterial properties and is reasonably well tolerated topically in the horse eye. Its use is advocated where cost restraints exist or for prophylaxis in comeal injuries involving embedded plant material (Hamor Whelan 1999). 

Hospital isolates of Serratia marcescens may be highly resistant to chlorhexidine, hexachlorophane liquid soaps and detergent creams. The outer membrane probably determines this resistance to biocides. 

N,N-Dimethyl-N-lauric acid-amidopropyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-myristyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-palmityl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-stearyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-tallow-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Distearyl-N-methyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine bactericide, cosmetics Bisabolol 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol Chlorhexidine diacetate Chlorhexidine digluconate Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride Chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride Chlorphenesin Coco-betaine Cocodimethylammonium-3-sulfopropylbetaine Dimethylhydroxymethylpyrazole Methenammonium chloride Potassium methylparaben Potassium sorbate Sodium butylparaben Sodium pyrithione bactericide, creams/lotions Chlorhexidine digluconate bactericide, cutting fluids... 

Poly (hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride preservative, cotton blends Poly (hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride preservative, cough syrups Cetylpyridinium chloride preservative, creams/lotions Chlorhexidine digluconate Lichen (Usnea barbata) extract preservative, cured food Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite preservative, curtains... 

Different analytes are determined by using electrochemical techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry (e.g., metal ions and chlorhexidine in oral care products, glycolic acid in creams, dyes in lipsticks) or potentiometry (e.g., inorganic compounds and anionic and cationic surfactants in personal care products). Modified carbon electrodes and biosensors have been developed to determine some cosmetic ingredients by techniques such as voltammetry or potentiometry. 

A known incompatibility by charge differences is the reaction of anionic surfactants with cations. Sodium cetostearyl sulfate (as compotmd of emulsifying cetostearyl alcohol type A, also known as Lanette N) and sodium lauryl sulfate (as compotmd of emulsifying cetostearyl alcohol type B, also known as Lanette SX) may cause this incompatibility. As a result the lipophilic and hydrophilic phases separate and the cream becomes almost fluid. An example of this effect is the incorporation of chlorhexidine gluconate in lanette creams. The anionic part of the emulsifier precipitates with the chlorhexidine gluconate, which not only decreases the physical stability of the cream but also the effectiveness of chlorhexidine. 

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